Erin Brockovich

Theoretical Authority style substantially affects the activities of any business. This paper inspects the film Erin Brokovich (2000) with an end goal to distinguish the qualities and shortcomings related with the value-based and transformational types of leadership.The writing analyzed in this examination outlined the idea that fruitful administration is a blend of segments that lays on many separate attributes. This investigation will be of an incentive to any individual examining initiative hypothesis. 1 Introduction Authority is a crucial issue that impacts execution and goals on each level. The film Erin Brokovich (2000) portrays a single parent that requires on an enterprise with an end goal to represent the company’s offenses. Analyzing the job of both Ms Brokovich and her lawyer Ed Masry as the plot of the story creates shows the wide cluster of impact that the contrasting styles of authority had both working on this issue close by and further procedures dependent on comparative conditions. The territory of transformational administration, or the proactive methodology utilized by Ms Brokovich will be analyzed so as to distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of the straight forward methodology (Gardner and Laskin, 2013). The following section will be an examination of Ed Masry’s value-based initiative methodology, or driving through responsive measures, which thusly will prompt an outline of adequacy (Gardner et al, 2013). With a concise correlation outlining the distinctio ns and estimations of every technique this article will close with an assessment of effect. At long last this paper will have considered the value-based and transformational types of initiative with the expressed objective of outlining the advantages and impediments related with each approach. 2 Leadership Hughes (2009) characterizes initiative as the ability to impact others to a particular objective or goal. During this procedure of initiative, there are a few distinct strategies that are refered to deliver strong outcomes, which thus produce recognizable administration patterns (Abrahamson and Eisenman, 2008). Smircich and Morgan (1982) contend that specific styles of initiative underline the privilege or commitment of one individual to give guidance for other people. For each situation the style of initiative used has a huge effect on the organization or undertaking (Peters and Austin, 1985). This article centers around the transformational and the value-based types of initiative as exhibited in the film Erin Brokovich (2000).2.1 Transformational LeadershipGhandi declar ed â€Å"We are all, most importantly, people and we should identify with each other on that stripped basis.† (Gardner, 2013:266). This portrayal is one technique for outlining the visionary components that include the transformational type of administration. Transformational administration is characterized by the limit of the person to draw in with the current issues, yet persuade others around them that there is a veritable reason for proceeded with exertion (Northouse, 2004). However, this style of authority can fall into an arrogance trap (Russo, Schoemaker and Russo, 1990). A few analysts distinguish components of this methodology as a type of Charismatic initiative that is full of expected mischief to the organization (Ouimet, 2010). Likewise with the fundamental character, Erin Brokovich, her characteristics of ladies initiative radiate certainty and unflinching desire, serves to give people around her a feeling of direction and course (Gardner, 2013). Further her part of benevolence encourages her to connect with others (Ouimet, 2010). Not just has the administration made a likely future yet this individual has given motivation to the exertion (Northouse, 2004). This feeling of direction is credited with driving the plan for any undertaking under this type of administration. Similarly as with Ms Brokovich the character, the value-based pioneer brings a type of instinct and essential energy to the table, which thusly fills the whole exertion (Schoemaker, Krupp, Howland, 2013). There is no sense during the film of a type of hireling initiative; Ms Brokovich was focus on her objectives, barring any preoccupations (Schoemaker et al, 2013). Combined with the sexual orientation hole that Ms Brokovich battles with all through the film, there is a genuine feeling of her battling for each and every exertion (Virick and Greer, 2012). Anyway there is a recognition that there is no right situational initiative style prompting achievement, it is a blend of v ariables combined with Ms Brokovich individual drive (Virick et al, 2012). A particular weakness associated with the transformational approach laid out by Golemans (2013) authority hypothesis as obviously exhibited by Erin Brokovich, was the unyielding stubborn proclamation of standards paying little mind to the environmental factors. Similar to the situation when Ms Brokovich expressed her genuine thoughts in the court and lost her mishap guarantee, there is genuine potential to hurt an on-going exertion with an ineffectively established declaration. However, there can't be a getting some distance from a possible issue through the approach of dreading disappointment (McCullough, 2008). Ms Brokovich unmistakably outlines that by explaining the essential components of the underlying client’s case, the clinical records, that the revealing of the past relationship of the water organization held clear requirement for examination. As in the model Simon (1959) sketched out there is a reasonable model that takes into account the individual to pick the best other option. The revealing of these connections prompted a change of the case from a standard activity to a case that yielded generous increase and reparations for each gathering included. As the Ann Brown (1996) proof exhibited information is basic for progress. The procedure of basic reasoning straightforwardly prompts higher types of proficiency and argumentation just as modernity (Brown, 1996). Transformational pioneers have the ability to conjure moxy and individual credits so as to accomplish their objective (Goleman, 2000). Using probably some ladylike wiles, Ms Brokovich had the option to persuade the attendant of the region water records to permit her free access, however expanded all her personals comfort conceivable. This nature of contact and capacity to associate with those included most intimately with the case gave further chances to this structure transformational initiative to assume a urgent job (Goleman, 2013). It was the individual effort of Ms Brokovich that empowered the underlying inquirers to understand the association between the water organization and the ailments that that family was encountering. The incitement that Ms Brokovich gave permitt ed the bits of the riddle to meet up in such a way, that reality could develop (Gardner, 2013). This show of proceeded with examination and assurance is a basic component of the transformational way to deal with administration. Others refer to the high occurrences of disappointment because of the absence of help offered to expected pioneers during emergencies (Lawerence, 2013). There is an intrinsic intuition to pick a fruitful pioneer, and an individual that doesn't reliably show insightful dynamic can quickly lose their following. A transformational pioneer will have the ability to urge the gathering to activity (Gardner, 2013). This is a basic segment any activity, the capacity to carry the customers to centered activity. As Ms Brokovich found, it was important to enroll about all of the expected petitioners all together for the case to go ahead against the water organization. It was her own association, instinct and information on the circumstance that empowered the legal counselors to make a case that would be equipped for winning in court (Gardner, 2013). However, contingent a lot upon these individual connections can turn into a weakness in the occasion the center individual or information is lost or debased (Golemman, 2013). Regardless of the way that Ms Brokovich had the limit of expressly recollecting every single component of every single case, there was the genuine potential for oversight, which is a considerable shortcoming of the transformational way to deal with administration (Northouse, 2004). At long last, the transformational administration approach is refered to for rousing the drawn out exertion (Gardner, 2013). However, when it bombs others depict this structure administration as unleashing enormous results on any hidden organization (Northouse, 2004). Following the underlying achievement Ms Brokovich motivated people around her to search out others in comparative circumstances, in this way making a drawn out exertion to address the unlawful demonstrations of huge partnerships. In an undeniable manner, it was the initiative style of Ms Brokovich that previously distinguished, at that point investigated and afterward made conceivable the settlement against the water organization. Lacking such an individual assuming this key job, there could never have been an attention to the issue and numerous families and people would be more regrettable off. For this situation, transformational authority, while giving some shortcoming, provided the force for constructive goals and i ndividual success.2.2 Transactional LeadershipTransactional initiative is a methodology that accentuates the job of remuneration in the push to create results (Bolman, 2013). Laying on the twin ideas of remuneration dependent upon exertion and steadiness of business as usual, the value-based type of authority gives motivations to the worker workforce. The absolute first case of this style of administration utilizing the prize component is the day Ms Brokovich constrains her direction onto Mr Masry’s staff. With the demonstration of extending to her an employment opportunity as a type of remuneration for her steadiness and aspiration, the value-based initiative style of Mr Masry was represented (Gardner, 2013). In spite of his underlying hesitance to give her a position, he was directed to the demonstration by the activities of Ms Brokovich. Further, this component permitted Mr Masry the advantage of keeping up business as usual busy working, giving another representation of t he value-based way of thinking at work (Avolio and Yammarino, 2002). Making a decent attempt to keep up a business that works easily Mr M

Anishnabe change makers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anishnabe change creators - Essay Example The Anishinaabe individuals all communicate in firmly related Anishinaabemowin dialects of the Algonquian language family. One of the Anishinaabe change producers was George Manuel, brought into the world back in February 21st 1921 to Maria and Rainbow on the Secwepemc side of Shuswap individuals. Her mom, Maria later wedded Louie Manuel, and henceforth George acquired his subsequent name. He began school at the Kamloops Indian Residential School. During this time he was, determined to have tuberculosis and later moved to Indian TB medical clinic close Chilliwack, British Columbia. During his spell there, George met Marceline Paul; a Kootenai lady from St. Marys Indian Band and made her his first spouse. The two of them wedded and together, had six youngsters. He picked up quality from his family, which added to his administration quality. George began building up the inclination of accepting duty as a political pioneer which started to be a creating strain on his life in marriage. First chosen as the head of Neskon Indian Band and during the year 1959 and after the demise of his tutor Andy Paul, he accepting the obligation as the head of North American Indian Brotherhood. After he had parted ways with Marceline, the government Department of Indian Affairs offered him a situation with the Cowichan Tribes at Duncan where he filled in as a network advancement official. As a change creator, George wanted to have a dream for his life and his kin all in all. He selected to work for his locale for the native individuals and the indigenous individuals of the world also. He perceived that for native social orders to impact change, the individuals from the network needed to cooperate as one so as to accomplish this objective. George moved from his position and progressed to a job with the Alberta fraternity where he built up a solid and firm working relationship with the Cree political pioneer Harold

4 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

4 inquiries - Essay Example Also, the U.S. political framework speaks to the irreconcilable situation between open associations and government officials. Because of every one of these difficulties, it is difficult for USA to give brisk choices in ecological strategy. Question 3. Indeed, the occasions of two World Wars had indicated that irreconcilable circumstance in worldwide framework prompts extraordinary philanthropic and practical catastrophes. Since they had consistently begun from the control of certain domain, the present states attempted their best to ensure their power in the only remaining century. At the end of the day, it is not, at this point adequate for the state to guarantee that region in the other nation is its property, if there is no will of nearby populace. This change showed up in the post-war world request. In contemporary world, the various interests regularly lead to open clashes. Despite the fact that neoliberals put stock in the capability of worldwide foundations to disregard the states’ singular impact, the ongoing question between Saudi Arabia and Yemen mirrors that we despite everything manage the world isolated in states and brimming with struggle purposes. In this specific situation, the given article talks about Saudi-Yemen struggle through the ideas of fear based oppression and war to show the uncertain condition of worldwide security issue in the contemporary world. From one viewpoint, Saudi Arabia and Yemen circumstance uncovers that fear based oppression is as yet the subject of worldwide approach concern. Truth be told, appearance of Saudi Arabia intrusion both in political talks and in media messages all through the world uncovers the idea of fear mongering as an endeavor to impact remote government as well as an extreme to make alarm in worldwide open. Moreover, the extraordinary number of uprooted regular folks after the Decisive Storm activity fits the motivation behind psychological oppression in its brutal appearance. Hence, current world arrangements with political system in contemporary Saudi Arabia

Essay on Curfews as a Means of Keeping Teens Out of Trouble

Can Curfews Keep Teens Out of Trouble? Teens today are under tremendous pressure from all sides. On one side, there is pressure at school to perform well in their academics. As they go higher up the classes, subjects become more difficult and they need to spend more and more time studying to get good grades. On the other side, they have peer pressure that forces them to become accepted in their group of friends. Here again, the pressures can either be positive or negative depending on the type of group that they choose to hang out with. Some groups are performance-oriented and only those who study well are allowed to enter them. Others are fun loving and require those in the group to have a good time, all the time. Parents need to be aware of friends that their children have at school. They should also be aware of kids that their children choose to become friends with. Kids often are ignorant of many of the pitfalls of choosing the wrong group. Parents can invite friends of their children to their house so that they could get to know them better and see if they are the right ones for their kids. When parents show interest in their kids in this way, the kids also begin to share all their problems and apprehensions more openly with their parents. Communication is the key to a good relationship. Parents also need to set a time limit for the kids to return home based on their age. Curfews can indeed keep teens out of trouble. It is generally not very safe for teens to be out at night on their own. Parents can prevent many problems by requiring their children to return home early, especially if they are too young.

Review Of Related Literature. There Is A Current Trend

Review of Related Literature There is a current trend now from educational institutions even in organizations outside the education sector wherein research and groundwork is encouraged to be a continuing product of their staff. While some are bound to research work, many are pressed on the demands of it. This is because research is not only a work of an individuals. Educational institutions which aim for a culture in research must also raise, encourage and uphold the work done by the staff. This can be done through distributing workloads, creating an environment conducive for research work, appropriate incentives and many others (Hanover Research, 2014). Research Culture Culture is a way of life by a number of individuals collectively.†¦show more content†¦Educators engaging in research activity acquire experience, dexterity and expertise in their current fields (Patankar, 2016) Research work generates information, induces advanced skills and motivates esteem. With all these, the educators find themselves absorbing these developments and applying them to teaching effectively and innovatively (Pramodini Sophia, 2012). A school that has an environment supportive of research is a competent school. This research environment creates a community which drives both teachers and students into digging deeper into research work. When the faculty is immersed in research culture, having absorbed the value of research, they in turn would bring to their learners the dedication towards the investigative work (The Department of Education and Training, 2005). Patankar (2016) discussed in his article â€Å"Grooming the Personality of Teacher Educators through Research†, published in University News in India, that research work results to the improvement of a teacher’s cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects. Due to the immense work of studying required for research, teachers will expand their knowledge skills, insights, awareness, thought processes and theory. As the research work demands time, resources and effort, it exercises the teacher’s dedication for work, interest and engagement towards new learnings. Finally, in the psychomotor aspect. Teachers practice their skills in conversations, writingShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of Human Resource Management Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pages Literature Review â€Å"Thirty-two years of development of human resource management in China: Review and prospects† (Shuming Zhao, Juan Du, 2012) is a journal paper that concentrating on the hypothetical advancements and practical applications of HRM, it first audits the move of HRM in China from planned labor force allocation to current HR management in three particular eras since China s reformation and opening-up. 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Inventories of population status, trends and associated risks as well as identifying threats facing AnGR is a step towards implementation of Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources (GPA) (FAO, 2007). There is little information on the current population status and trends of African indigenous cattle breeds. Available population data for a large percentage breeds as recorded in the Domestic AnimalRead MoreA Systematic Search Of The Database Psycinfo1247 Words   |  5 Pagesused in a specific study.Thus, the findings presented here should be viewed through this cautionary lens. The current analysis showed that, based on data from both academic and practice settingssince 1989, assessmentdrawingshave been emphasized or used to at least a ‘moderate’ degree as reported in 38 (63%) of the 60 studies in this review. However, a major diversion bifurcation in this trend, between practice and training settings, was quite evident. 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The review will also summarize the consensus reached by the scholars in the field, and it will identify the trends observed in their researchRead MoreMexico Border Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagesnorthern and southern residing counterparts. Access to health care is a great health determiner for the many foreign-born residents living in the United States, especially for undocumented immigrants2. The topic to be addressed in this review will include current health issues and accessibility of care for the people living along the US – Mexico border. This study will include infectious diseases, substance abuse as well as issues facin g women and children. The combination of many social factors

The Justification Of An Anti Imperialist Imperialism

The Justification of an Anti-Imperialist Imperialism appears to be a vital goal and factor in the U.S during the late 1800s. Americans yearn to gain more control and soon rise to become a world power, similar to the conduct of our forefathers. However, this philosophy is counter to the origins of our country. We believed in life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, yet Americans were being hypocritical of this conviction. They took the action of colonizing other countries and tyrannizing them without their consent. With this in mind, it is clear this goes against American beliefs, owing to the fact we fought and struggled immensely to win our independence from England. In the end, are Americans still being mindful and empathetic of the other nations whether they are weaker or not fully developed? Or, are they only conscious of what they ll get for themselves? Overall, retaining control of other countries without a settled agreement or negotiation and denouncing them of their libe rty is truly un-American and goes against The Declaration of Independence. The exploits of imperialism is averse to our American values, including personal and collective rights. One of these values, which is freedom, is a core component in our country. It embraces the fundamental beliefs put forth by our Constitution. Based on treaties, pacts and alliances between our country and other nations, we are lured into conflicts that force upon the human rights of the populations of otherShow MoreRelatedAmerican Imperialism797 Words   |  4 PagesAppendix A American Imperialism Part 1 Complete the chart by identifying the following: Identify the countries or areas where the United States engaged in countries or areas where the United States engaged in imperialistic actions during the period from about 1870 to 1914. 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These include two important forms of Imperialism, these are a militaristic style of Imperialism, and a softer type which involves holding sway over other countries through trade, economy and infiltration of politics. Imperialism has been around ever since groups of people decided to take over another power, in other words, since one caveman said ‘HeyRead MoreIAH 201 paper 11183 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican people captured by the idea of the frontier and, 2. The belief it was the duty of America to maintain peace of all nations. The consequences of this increased global involvement on American Society was 3. The clashing views of the imperialist and anti-imperialist parties. America first took a step towards greater world involvement due to 1. The effects of the frontier on the American spirit. In 1893 Fredrick Jackson Turner delivered the idea of The Significance of the Frontier in American

Organisational Procedures Norms and Identities

Question: Describe about the Organisational Procedures for Norms and Identities. Answer: Rule Following Abstract To fulfill the identities, the organizations, and the individuals follow weak procedures and norms. Rule following is largely dependent on some factors such as the logic of appropriateness, the familiarity, and centrality of norms and identities, organizational standards and identities, socialization and industrialization, the social basis of identity, incentives and the internationalization of identities, evolving identities and rules and so on. At first, rule subsequent is grounded in a judgment of appropriateness (Grillo, 2013). The decision producers ask three questions such as the question of gratitude, the question of standards along with the question of identity. The procedure is not arbitrary and random. It is systematic and reasoning as well as complicated. On the other hand, rule following is seen as a way of decision making which is familiar to the theories of behavior(Coulter, 2009). Norms and identities are so understandable that they are also considered as the context f or action. These rules and identities are important in the decision-making process and the decision-making process is needed in every aspect of life. The individuals and the social systems depend on the rules and viewpoints. The organizations also have identities. An organization must act in a particular way to make the firm a proper business place(Janzen, 2014). There are decisions made in the organizations which act as a rule followed by the employees. Apart from these, identities can be seen emerging from the procedure of socialization into socially defined roles and relationships. The individuals are trained in the methods to behave as proper accountants in an organization. It shows their identity in an organization(Guardo, 2010). The system of education, legal systems, and religions work as a major factor in education people regarding creating their identities. Moreover, there is a complicated connection between the provision of incentives for the following rules related to the internalization and the identities. Example Here, Marks and Spencer is taken as an example which follows standards and regulations.Once in a while the guidelines and directions Marks and Spencer set up in the working environment are fundamental, so the employee stays in consistent with the law(Heikinheimo, 2011). Numerous working environment tenets are set up to keep laborers or clients from harming themselves. These directions might be established before an occurrence based upon foreseen dangers or after a misfortune to follow a reoccurrence of a casualty. Marks and Spencer also get advantage by following organizational rules. Reasonable treatment of employees results from firm principles on segregation in enlisting and administration rehearses. In spite of the fact that one protest about standards is that they can be indifferent, for this situation the expulsion of individual inclination in the treatment of representative's works to support the organization. Choice, Values, and Frames Abstract In this section, the psychophysical and the intellectual factors of decisions in risk context are discussed here. The psychophysical value persuade risk antipathy in the field of improvements and risk seeking in the field of losses. On the other hand, the psychophysics of chance convince overweighting of guaranteed things and unconvincing events (Miller and Durst, 2014). The issues and problems of a decision can be framed in numerous ways. As a result, it can give rise to various preferences. The decision-making analysis mainly distinguishes riskless as well as risky choices. A distinctive riskless decision deals with the suitability of a business in which an excellent service is exchanged for labor or money. The theory of risk repugnance has played a significant function in the theory of economy. The risky predictions are classified by their predictable results and by the possibilities of these results (Trueblood, 2015). Taking an example, the probable outcome of a gamble can be enc losed either as losses or gains about the status quo. Constantancy requires such changes in the description of results that should not alter the order of preference. The procedure of mental accounting where people arrange the transaction results describes some anomalies of the behavior of the consumer. However, the tolerability of an option can be contingent on whether an undesirable result is evaluated as a cost. The investigation of outlining and value can be protracted to decisions between multi-attribute options like the tolerability of a trade. A person sets up a mental account to evaluate a multi-attribute choice, and it stipulates the pros and cons related to the possibility. It is about the multi-attribute reference state (Dowell and Killaly, 2009). Many problems in decisions take the form of a decision between the holding the status quo as well as accommodating an alternative to it. It becomes beneficial in some respects and damaging to others. Example In this section, the choices, values, and frames of Apple Inc. are discussed here. Steve Jobs who was the CEO and the founder of this company well understood the value and structures of the enterprise(O'Grady, 2009). Therefore, he could make the best decisions.The limitations of a spending impact almost all financial choices, since the entirety of all uses, should never exceed the convenience of capital. Currency availability is not an instantaneous restricting element in central economic leadership since acknowledgement courses of action can authorize individuals to spend more than they have. The basic premise of basic monetary leadership is people or associations' craving to boost advantages while minimizing costs. Nearly all financial models and speculations have one hostile blemish: they accept that all monetary leaders act consistently and soundly, allowing for all accessible data in a targeted way before settling on a choice. Steve made these decisions and brought the organizat ion in a better place(Streeter, 2012). The Science of "Muddling Through." Abstract In this section the science of muddling through is prolifically analyzed and evaluated. It provides basic analysis of formulation of policy that is related to aspect of inflation and how important employment, savings, business profit acts as a major aspect to prevent the crash of stock market. Comparison of policies takes a major advantage to analyze the available theory about the generalized theory available. The general theories acts on the alternatives beyond investigation on which the theoretical generalizations can be easily find based on the hypothetical economies. It is quite complex to find out and describe the formulation of complex problems that is enjoyed based on the clarity and evaluation of objectives. These procedures hold the key as the advanced procedures solely depend on the techniques along with the available variables. This section also evaluates the intertwining evaluation and empirical analysis to understand the values to be handled by making successive methods investigating the intensity of feeling that is considered as a major alternative. There are two major aspects of the dignified process which is adjudged by the valued that can be distinguished. The relation between the ends and the means also acts as a formulated decision making process to evaluate and conceive the light ends which inter-depends on means of choice. The entire method of the successive limited comparisons is basically simplified systematically by achieving two basic principle ends. Firstly through the policy limitation comparing those policies that differs on small degrees and the empirical alternative that depends on the marginal policies acting as a major counterpart of the incremental and values being compared. Example: ADCOs business strategy begins with a commitment to continuously achieve the highest standards in HSE performance, according to the companys website. ADCO has adopted an HSE Management System structure to ensure compliance with government regulations, industry standards and corporate policies as well as actively promoting continuous improvement of HSE performance as prescribed in Codes of Practice outlined by its parent company, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC). ADCOs leaders realize the success of this management system approach will ultimately achieve depends upon their organizations ability to manage HSE information. ADCO launched a project called HEARTS, the HSE Electronic Analysis Reporting and Tracking System. HEARTS is ADCOs HSE incident and environment management system, which is used by all personnel working at the company, from the operator level to senior management. HEARTS is also the centralized system to track overall HSE compliance and performance throughout ADC O. Next, the ADCO CITD (Corporate Information Technology Division) and HSE teams performed a detailed evaluation of commercial software products that met their technical requirements and had been proven by industry peers. They looked for a comprehensive HSE information system that is web based and user-friendly so it can be used by all employees and contractors. It had to enable timely reporting of HSE incidents and near misses, track actions to minimize their impact and prevent recurrences, and support complete incident investigations. It had to demonstrate full compliance with ADNOC Codes of Practice, UAE laws, and international standards including ADCOs ISO 14001, 9001 and OHSAS 18001 certifications. A Power Model of Urban Infrastructure Decision-Making Abstract This section is concerned with a model of urban infrastructure decision-making process (Wang, 2011). It seeks for the explanation of the composite social procedure from the original problem and the conscription to the final purpose of action and choice. Here, power theories are also discussed. The power principles of Crespi and Callon are utilized to form an descriptive framework for the concluding as well as initial phases. Here, two types of decisions are discussed. The first one is the individual choice and the second is the organizational decision. The action of the individual decisions results from a cognizant judgmental procedure by other situational and psychological imperatives and these are unrelated to contemplation. On the other hand, the organizational decisions result from organizations but not from individual processes. These decisions have complex origins. A case study is also discussed which is described in the example. In actor network arrangements, the unit for cont emplation was the Government of the United States of America as well as for Hickson et al. Both note the multiple players were engaged but denote their functions to the sole unit of analysis (Salet, Bertolini and Giezen, 2012). When the actor network emerges, the modes of communication improves, and an informal along with formal dialogue based on arguments against or for the solution to a problem produces the required data for judgment. The data provided by the system exchange forms a puddle of cues for a single review. Moreover, Simon has found that often the objectives chosen to start the action are but renamed constraints selected from a set of probable limitations. These restrictions are the source of the normative social systemic structures within any decisions which must fit. Based on the model of the social decision process, it is possible when abstracting decision-making in a company for the consideration of the process involve human agents only. Example The example is based on a case study of Central Melbournes Planning. During the year 1970s and the 1980s, the Melbourne city had gone through an authority struggle between two scheduled authorities. A regional planning responsibility was made by the Metropolitan Board of Works or MMBW for an area that contains the Melbourne. CBD or the Central Business District came within the particular jurisdiction of Melbourne City Council with responsibilities of their plans. In 1982, the plan was counterbalanced by an alteration of state of the government who punctually taken the development powers of the MMBW and the MCC. The case study serves as the demonstration of the significant role of the problematization as well as the enrollment in bringing out possible solutions. The urban development has the possible solutions to these questionable circumstances and is resolved to employ decision-making procedure. Hence a decision process is necessary. References Coulter, J. (2009). Rule-Following, Rule-Governance and Rule-Accord: Reflections on Rules after Rawls.Journal of Classical Sociology, 9(4), pp.389-403. Dowell, G. and Killaly, B. (2009). Effect of Resource Variation and Firm Experience on Market Entry Decisions: Evidence from U.S. Telecommunication Firms' International Expansion Decisions.Organization Science, 20(1), pp.69-84. Grillo, M. (2013). Competition rules and the cooperative firm.JEOD. Guardo, A. (2010). Kripke's Account of the Rule-Following Considerations.Eur J Philos, 20(3), pp.366-388. Heikinheimo, A. (2011). Rule-following, Intentionality and Non-reductive Physicalism.SATS, 12(1). Janzen, G. (2014). Another Look at the Rule-Following Paradox.The Philosophical Forum, 45(1), pp.69-88. Miller, J. and Durst, M. (2014). Just do it when you get a chance: the effects of a background task on primary task performance.Atten Percept Psychophys, 76(8), pp.2560-2574. O'Grady, J. (2009).Apple Inc.. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Salet, W., Bertolini, L. and Giezen, M. (2012). Complexity and Uncertainty: Problem or Asset in Decision Making of Mega Infrastructure Projects?.Int J Urban Reg Res, 37(6), pp.1984-2000. Streeter, T. (2012). Steve Jobs: The Lost Interview * Steve Jobs--One Last Thing.Journal of American History, 99(3), pp.1015-1018. Trueblood, J. (2015). Reference point effects in riskless choice without loss aversion.Decision, 2(1), pp.13-26. Wang, N. (2011). Multi-criteria decision-making model for whole life costing design.Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 7(6), pp.441-452.

The Great Gatsby - Jay Gatsby Character Analysis Essays

The Great Gatsby - Jay Gatsby Character Analysis Jay Gatsby was a very decent person despite most of his acquaintances and his occupation. Gatsby was relatively kind to everyone despite how anyone treated him. He was also a very altruistic person in what he did for people. Gatsby also was very determined to accomplish his dream. All Jay wanted was for the people around him to like and befriend him. Gatsby showed a certain amount of kindness to almost everyone he met. The way he hosted his parties showed this trait very well. His parties where open to anyone who wanted to attend no matter what his/her social class was. Gatsby's amiability was shown by the way that he befriended Nick and tried to make friends with other people without caring about their background. No matter how he was treated he did his best to be kind to almost everyone. Gatsby's parties showed how he would go out of his way in order to make others happy. Jay would throw extravagant parties just to have people come and enjoy themselves. He would also do his best to make Nick feel welcome in whatever setting they were in. Gatsby was living in New York in order to procure his dream. Jay has wanted to rekindle his relationship with Daisy so he moved close to her and did what ever he had to just to be alone with her. Gatsby spent a good portion of his life pursuing what he considered the ideal life, which consisted of Daisy, money, and happiness. Jay Gatsby was one of the best all around people in the novel. Even though he was a bootlegger and all his money was illegally made he still had more personality and class than any other socialite did in the book. Gatsby wanted people happy, and if they were happy he was happy.

Meg Whitman Case Essay Example

Meg Whitman Case Essay Example Meg Whitman Case Paper Meg Whitman Case Paper Finally, I will discuss how the employees at eBay respond to Meg Whitman leadership style. Discuss how Meg Whitman leadership reflects transaction leadership. Transaction leadership Involves motivating and directing primarily through appealing to employees self-interest. Whitman shows this by her employees being cheerful and formal but at the same time hardworking and successful. Whitman being the CEO of eBay shows she has the primary power of being a transactional leader, which comes from their formal authority in the organization. Whitman also focuses on the basic management of controlling, organizing, and short-term lancing. When a manager was asked what It like Is to report to Whitman, he replied l have numbers, I know them. Theyre very clear. And the expectations are high (Organizational Behavior, 2009). This shows that Whitman focuses on controlling, organizing, and short-term planning by the way managers report to Whitman. A manager being comfortable with reporting to his CEO also shows that Whitman has an effective way of motivating her employees. There are five practices In which effective transactional leaders are likely to engage in. Two of these practices are in the form of questions. They are, what needs to be done and what is right. During Whitman first arrival at eBay, she promised to transform eBay from an online auction house Into a much bigger, general-purpose shopping destination. Whitman considered these two questions when considering this promise. The third practice is they develop action plans. Whitman had a plan through a promise which she put In action by acquiring Stub, Online Classifieds, Shopping. Com, Rent. Com, Seep, and Papal. In the case, a manager commented: Several years ago we were a secondary collectibles marketplace. Now were a trading platform. The change In those several years Is a result of decisions made by Whitman of acquiring certain companies. The fourth practice is they take responsibility for their decisions. Whitman commented: Im a netter leader, a netter manager, a netter executive than when I earlier as a youngster. I have learned how to manage a company that reinvents itself every couple of years (Organizational Behavior, 2009). Whitman comment could not be made without her learning from her mistakes and bad decisions in the past and taking responsibility for them. The fifth practice is they take responsibility for communicating. Under Whitman leadership, eBay comes up with a lot of good ideas through communicating, but they think opening up the platform makes eBay stronger, better, as other people develop applications to the platform. Whitman leadership shows that she takes responsibility for communicating. Identify the aspects of Meg Whitman leadership that reflect authentic leadership. An aspect of Meg Whitman leadership that reflects authentic leadership is that Whitman knows and understands herself. Whitman shows this my making a promise hen she first arrives at eBay and making her promise come true. Whitman also learned from her mistakes and became a better CEO as time went on. Whitman success would not be possible if she did not know and understand herself. The second aspect of Meg Whitman leadership that reflects authentic leadership is Whitman knowing what she believes and values. Whitman shows this by making the company more diverse resulting in the encouragement and respect of diverse viewpoints. Whitman also earned credibility by making eBay more successful and a fun and cheerful place to work. This allows Whitman the ability to have more employees to trust and follow her (Organizational Behavior, 2009). The third aspect of Meg Whitman leadership that reflects authentic leadership is Whitman acting on her values and beliefs through open and honest communication with subordinates and others. Whitman managers report to her with numbers ready and clear because Whitman has a craving for statistics. Whitman has more a craving for bottom line results. Whitman having this belief and her subordinates following her belief shows she covers this aspect. Whitman looks for employees that re energize by the mission of the company. Whitman value and belief of the mission is openly and honestly communicated through her hiring process (Organizational Behavior, 2009). Discuss how Meg Whitman leadership reflects transformational leadership. Meg Whitman leadership reflects transformational leadership by anticipating future trends, inspiring followers to understand and embrace a new vision of possibilities, developing others to be leaders or better leaders, and building the organization or group into a community of challenged and rewarded learners Organizational Behavior, 2009). Meg Whitman shows this by leading eBay to stick to their business plan with no inception. Also Whitman makes sure the company stays focused on their goals. Whitman promise to transform eBay from an online auction house into a much bigger, general-purpose shopping destination was achieved (Organizational Behavior, 2009). This shows that Whitman anticipated future trends and inspired followers to embrace her vision of new possibilities with understanding. Discuss how Meg Whitman used her leadership skills to transform the company from an online auction souse into a general purpose shopping destination company. Meg Whitman used her leadership skills to transform the company from an online Acton nouns Into a general purpose snooping standalone company Day continuously expanding the eBay marketplace and new services in communities around the world. Another action Whitman took to achieve this was acquiring Shopping. Com, Rent. Com, Papal, Stub, Online Classifieds, and Seep (Organizational Behavior, 2009). Whitman acquiring all these companies helps expand eBays marketplace. Whitman also does this by makes the company more diverse which increases new ideas and alps the company be more successful. Discuss how the employees at eBay respond to Meg Whitman leadership style. The employees at eBay respond to Meg Whitman leadership style in a positive way. Whitman leadership results in employees being cheerful and formal. Whitman leadership style is also expressed through eBays casual work environment. Whitman success in the company by increasing profits and diversity in a successful way shows that employees and follow her leadership style. Whitman caring leadership style is shown by her sticking with her employees through thick ND thin by staying by an ill employees side until he stabilized.

Baytown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Baytown - Essay Example According to Feiser the moral challenge in multinational companies need to live up to moral expectations more intense for multinational companies who need to live up to moral expectations both in the US and in host foreign countries. In developed countries, the moral expectations of the host country are as stringent as our own. With third world host countries, though, the moral expectations often more lax and multinationals are tempted to lower their standards when situations permit. Morality in business plays an important role. Business would not success if employees have problems with their colleagues because something has done something wrong with someone. Business will not able to reach its goal if the staffs are having problems. It is important to understand which actions violate morality. There are actions and decisions that are mistakenly understood as violation of morality which is in fact not. To be able to avoid such problems proper definition of the term morality should be clearly defined. Maltreatment of employees is one violation of morality. The company should have a clear list of moral issues that is important for the company's success. Business ethics are the one that examines the moral problems that can arise in business environment.

How has the Zapatista Army of National Liberation contributed to Research Paper

How has the Zapatista Army of National Liberation contributed to Democracy in Mexico - Research Paper Example They started out as a small group of progressive Indians which eventually grew into thousands. They organized themselves in the jungle, away from the prying eyes of the government and its ruthless military. The EZLN’s history did not happen overnight. It was the product of careful and clandestine planning and organizing. â€Å"We did that for many years, and we did it in secret, without making a stir.   In other words, we joined forces in silence.3† After ten years of organizing and training in the jungles of Chiapas, The Ejercito Zapatista de Liberacion or EZLN was born, otherwise known as the Zapatista Army of National Liberation. They took the name of Emiliano Zapata, a Mexican Revolution hero who championed land reform in Mexico and is also celebrated as the champion of the indigenous people in Southern Mexico.4 EZLN is a revolutionary group that adheres to the ideals of non-violence. Throughout their history, the only instance of violence on record is the 12 days of armed fighting following the January 1, 1994 takeover of four municipalities in Chiapas, namely, San Cristobal de las Casas, las Margaritas, Altamiro, and Ocosingo.5 Almost apologetic to the affected citizens and civilians, they put great emphasis on their declaration that the armed struggle was a measure of last resort because their previous nonviolent actions received little to no government attention and response.6 After 12 days of armed fighting and bloodshed on both sides, the Mexican government and the Zapatista entered into a ceasefire to make way for a peace process. Since then, the EZLN have successfully continued on the fight without shedding blood, combatant or civilians although they have continued with their member’s training in the handling of weapons and arsenals. Nevertheless, the Zapatista is still a military movement. Oxymoron as it may sound, but the Zapatista is an armed movement that carries its struggle in nonviolent ways.7 In the very same way that the EZLN seem to contradict itself on its position on the issues of violence and rebellion, their ideology is also a subject of debate. This confusion is brought by the lack of a categorical statement from the Zapatistas themselves as to their specific ideology. Their enumeration of goals and demands which could be identified with the ideals and ends sought by groups from both ends, including those in between of the political spectrum does little to no help either. In their various declarations, they merely refer to themselves as the â€Å"simple and humble† â€Å"Zapatistas of the EZLN.†8 On the one hand, there are some who observes that the EZLN rose out of the ranks of the leftist movements that espouse Marxist-Leninist ideals. It is argued that their demands enumerated in the First Declaration of the Lancandon Jungle are in accord with the leftist sentiments. The EZLN’s demands include "work, land, housing, food, health, education, independence, liberty, dem ocracy, justice, and

Legal, Safety and Regulatory Requirements Essay Example for Free

Legal, Safety and Regulatory Requirements Essay This paper examines the impact of legal, safety and the regulatory requirements of the human resources development in an organization. This aspects look at the rights of the employee and the employer and how they are secured. This human resources process affects the lawful, well-being, and governing guidelines inside a business while the privileges of those employers and workers are protected by the U. S. Department of Labor, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and the Department of Homeland Security. The employee-related regulations are to guard the privileges of a company and worker. The U. S. Department of Labor gives organization an excellent effective setting and reduces employment ratios by offering development within the organization. The human resources areas have to commit to having current rules and guidelines for salaries and times worked. And human resources management has to guarantee all personnel whether United States residents or non-United States mindful of any material may possibly be related (United States Department of Labor, 2011). According to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 states it is unlawful to differentiate a capable individual with a disability. The law states it is prohibited to react against an individual since the individual complained about injustice, filed an allegation of discrimination, or take part in discrimination complaint. It expects that employers fairly provide the known physical or mental restrictions of an otherwise capable individual with a disability who is an applicant or employee, unless doing so would force an undue difficulty on the process of the employers business. The employees of Department of Homeland Security work diligently to preserve the well-being and safety of the United States. They work with municipalities, people, and countries to support them plan for and pull through from emergencies. They evaluate dozens of virtual security statements, and portions of intelligence, continuing continuous communication with specialists all through the country to defend the United States most important buildings and resources. With the legislation of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Department Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge made a commitment that the new human resources system would be the result of a cooperative and comprehensive process involving supervisors, employees, labor organizations, and a expansive group of participants and specialists from the Federal division and private organization in order to deliver the greatest procedures possible for the employees of Homeland Security. The final guidelines administer to the new human resources for Department Homeland Security is evidence to that commitment The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission defends all employees working inside a corporation against discrimination regarding age, disability, sex, national origin, color or race. The human resources organization has to stay in agreement by making sure that all supervisors are extremely capable to properly relate with employees in the process of hiring, training, advancing, and dismissing. This law is enforced by a federal agency, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). This law is laid out into three segments that consist of e sexual harassment, affirmative action, and equal opportunity. These three different segments have a huge influence on the human resources division, and the employment process and this department must follow the law. These equal opportunity regulations will guarantee an employee is given an equal opportunity while submitting an application or resume for a position at an organization regardless of race, age, or gender. When looking at affirmative action this process allows an organization to hire individuals which fit in to a certain group of individuals. The sexual harassment process is put into the work environment to guarantee employees both women and men are secured under both federal and state law, sexual harassment can be verbal, physical or both, this type of harassment cannot only affect an employee’s work environment, but more importantly that person emotional well-being. Sexual harassment can make an employee feel uncomfortable coming to work, prevents them from focusing on their tasks work, and they can take that emotional stress home with them. The Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 law makes it unlawful to discriminate against any individual basis on race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. It also makes it unlawful to react hostile to an individual because the individual protested about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in a discrimination lawsuit (U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2011). This law also states that supervisors reasonably provide candidates and employees time to hold religious customs, except if doing so would inflict an unnecessary stress on the owners organization. This also goes for the federal government and employment services, and labor establishments, also need to acknowledge the law. The majority of discrimination lawsuits claim a violation of this law. In regards to the statement that, â€Å"Common sense and compassion in the workplace has been replaced by litigation. † I look up the definition and it stated that Common sense is sound practical judgment derived from experience rather than study. And compassion is sympathy for the suffering of others, often including a desire to help (Encarta 1999). Guidelines and procedures are put in place to defend employees and employers. Nevertheless, not all procedures and guideline are for every employee or employer. Every situation is different and has to be approach differently; no two people are the same. A human resources manager has to be able to look at these different situations and make a choice that’s good for the organization employees. Making the right decisions protect the organization from lawsuits. The distress of upsetting employees or possible ligation has caused human resources departments to outline guidelines and procedures.

Protein Thermal Stability Essay -- Scientific Research, Amino Acids

Proteins are organic polymers made up of chains of amino acids and are crucial material in many biological functions (Reece and others 2011). There are twenty basic amino acids, eight of which are essential to the adult human diet and must be consumed rather than synthesized inside the body. These essential amino acids are isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, lysine, valine, phenylalanine, methionine, and threonine, with an added requirement of histidine in the diet of children (Potter and Hotchkiss 1995). Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized from these, and all amino acids are used as monomers to construct proteins which perform numerous important functions in the body (Reece and others 2011). Most amino acids exist as isomers and are given a designation based on whether they rotate a plane of polarized light to the right or to the left, known as dextrorotatory â€Å"D† or levorotatory â€Å"L† isomers, respectively (Al-Holy and Rasco 2007). It should be noted that only L amino acids are used in protein synthesis (Weber and Miller 1981). The biological functions of proteins include increasing the rate of biochemical reactions in the form of enzymes, moving important substances to where they are needed in the form of transport proteins, regulating the body in the form of hormones, allowing the body to move in the form of contractile proteins, and providing support in the form of structural proteins (Reece and others 2011). In addition, proteins have a great deal of functionality in foods, including providing essential amino acids as well as energy, viscosity, texture, water holding capacity, foaming and emulsification properties, and allowing gel formation (Culbertson 2007). As mentioned above, essential amino acids provided by th... ... p. Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB. 2011. Campbell biology. 9th ed. San Francisco: Cummings-Pearson. 1263 p. Siegwein AM, Vodovotz Y, Fisher EL. 2011. Concentration of soy protein isolate affects starch-based confections’ texture, sensory, and storage properties. J Food Sci 76:E422-8. Sorgentini DA, Wagner JR, Anon MC. 1995. Effects of thermal treatment of soy protein isolate on the characteristics and structure-function relationship of soluble and insoluble fractions. J Agric Food Chem 43:2471-9. Thompson LD, Dinh T. 2009. Food proteins-protein isolation and thermal stability. FDSC 4303/5303 food chemistry laboratory manual. Lubbock, Tx.: Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences. Weber AL, Miller SL. 1981. Reasons for the occurrence of the twenty coded protein amino acids. J Molecular Evolution 17:273-84.

Indian Mathematicians And Their Contributions Essay

Ramanujan He was born on 22na of December 1887 in a small village of Tanjore district, Madras. He failed in English in Intermediate, so his formal studies were stopped but his self-study of mathematics continued. He sent a set of 120 theorems to Professor Hardy of Cambridge. As a result he invited Ramanujan to England. Ramanujan showed that any big number can be written as sum of not more than four prime numbers. He showed that how to divide the number into two or more squares or cubes. when Mr Litlewood came to see Ramanujan in taxi number 1729, Ramanujan said that 1729 is the smallest number which can be written in the form of sum of cubes of two numbers in two ways, i.e. 1729 = 93 + 103 = 13 + 123 since then the number 1729 is called Ramanujan’s number. In the third century B.C, Archimedes noted that the ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter is constant. The ratio is now called ‘pi ( ÃŽ   )’ (the 16th letter in the Greek alphabet series) The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 1053 with specific names as early as 5000 B.C. during the Vedic period. ARYABHATA Aryabhatta was born in 476A.D in Kusumpur, India. He was the first person to say that Earth is spherical and it revolves around the sun. He gave the formula (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab He taught the method of solving the following problems: BRAHMAGUPTA Brahma Gupta was born in 598A.D in Pakistan. He gave four methods of multiplication. He gave the following formula, used in G.P series a + ar + ar2 + ar3 +†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. + arn-1 = (arn-1) à · (r – 1) He gave the following formulae : Area of a cyclic quadrilateral with side a, b, c, d= √(s -a)(s- b)(s -c)(s- d) where 2s = a + b + c + d Length of its diagonals = SHAKUNTALA DEVI She was born in 1939 In 1980, she gave the product of two, thirteen digit numbers within 28 seconds, many countries have invited her to demonstrate her extraordinary talent. In Dallas she competed with a computer to see who give the cube root of 188138517 faster, she won. At university of USA she was asked to give the 23rd root of 91674867692003915809866092758538016248310668014430862240712651642793465704086709659 32792057674808067900227830163549248523803357453169351119035965775473400756818688305 620821016129132845564895780158806771. She answered in 50seconds. The answer is 546372891. It took a UNIVAC 1108 computer, full one minute (10 seconds more) to confirm that she was right after it was fed with 13000 instructions. Now she is known to be Human Computer. BHASKARACHARYA He was born in a village of Mysore district. He was the first to give that any number divided by 0 gives infinity (00). He has written a lot about zero, surds, permutation and combination. He wrote, â€Å"The hundredth part of the circumference of a circle seems to be straight. Our earth is a big sphere and that’s why it appears to be flat.† He gave the formulae like sin(A  ± B) = sinA.cosB  ± cosA.sinB

What Is a Paradigm Shift

You hear the phrase â€Å"paradigm shift† all the time, and not just in philosophy.  People talk about paradigm shifts in all sorts of areas: medicine, politics, psychology, and sports.  But what, exactly, is a paradigm shift?  And where does the term come from? The term â€Å"paradigm shift† was coined by the American philosopher Thomas Kuhn (1922- 1996).  It is one of the central concepts in his hugely influential work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, published in 1962.  To understand what it means, you first have to understand the notion of a paradigm theory. Paradigm Theory A paradigm theory is a general theory that helps to provide scientists working in a particular field with their broad theoretical framework—what Kuhn calls their â€Å"conceptual scheme.†Ã‚  It provides them with their basic assumptions, key concepts, and methodology.  It gives their research its general direction and goals. It represents an exemplary model of good science within a particular discipline. Examples of Paradigm Theories Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the universe (with the earth at the center)Copernicus’ heliocentric astronomy (with the sun at the center)Aristotle’s physicsGalileos mechanicsThe medieval theory of the four â€Å"humors† in medicineIsaac Newtons theory of gravityJohn Dalton’s atomic theoryCharles Darwins theory of evolutionAlbert Einstein’s theory of relativityQuantum mechanicsThe theory of plate tectonics in geologyGerm theory in medicineGene theory in biology Paradigm Shift Definition A paradigm shift occurs when one paradigm theory is replaced by another. Here are some examples: Ptolemy’s astronomy giving way to Copernican astronomyAristotle’s physics (which held that material objects had essential natures that determined their behavior) giving way to the physics of Galileo and Newton (which viewed the behavior of material objects as being governed by laws of nature).Newtonian physics (which held time and space to be the same everywhere, for all observers) giving way to Einsteinian physics (which holds time and space to be relative to the observer’s frame of reference). Causes of a Paradigm Shift Kuhn was interested in the way science makes progress.  In his view, science can’t really get going until most of those working within a field agree upon a paradigm.  Before this happens, everyone is doing her own thing in her own way, and you can’t have the sort of collaboration and teamwork that is characteristic of professional science today. Once a paradigm theory is established, those working within it can start doing what Kuhn calls â€Å"normal science.†Ã‚  This covers most scientific activity.  Normal science is the business of solving specific puzzles, collecting data, and making calculations. Normal science includes: Working out how far each planet in the solar system is from the sunCompleting the map of the  human genomeEstablishing the evolutionary descent of a particular species But every so often in the history of science, normal science throws up anomalies—results that can’t easily be explained within the dominant paradigm.  A few puzzling findings by themselves wouldn’t justify ditching a paradigm theory that has been successful.  But sometimes the inexplicable results start piling up, and this eventually leads to what Kuhn describes as a â€Å"crisis.† Examples of Crises Leading to Paradigm Shifts At the end of the 19th century, the inability to detect the ether—an invisible medium posited to explain how light traveled and how gravity operated—eventually led to the theory of relativity. In the 18th century, the fact that some metals gained mass when burned was at odds with phlogiston theory. This theory held that combustible materials contained phlogiston, a substance that was released through burning.  Eventually, the theory was replaced by Antoine Lavoisier’s theory that combustion requires oxygen. Changes That Occur During a Paradigm Shift The obvious answer to this question is that what changes is simply the theoretical opinions of scientists working in the field.  But Kuhn’s view is more radical and more controversial than that.  He argues that the world, or reality, cannot be described independently of the conceptual schemes through which we observe it.  Paradigm theories are part of our conceptual schemes.  So when a paradigm shift occurs, in some sense the world changes.  Or to put it another way, scientists working under different paradigms are studying different worlds. For example, if Aristotle watched a stone swinging like a pendulum on the end of a rope, he would see the stone trying to reach its natural state: at rest, on the ground.  But Newton wouldn’t see this; he’d see a stone obeying the laws of gravity and energy transference.  Or to take another example: Before Darwin, anyone comparing a human face and a monkey’s face would be struck by the differences; after Darwin, they would be struck by the similarities. Science Progresses Through Paradigm Shifts Kuhn’s claim that in a paradigm shift the reality that is being studied changes is highly controversial.  His critics argue that this â€Å"non-realist† point of view leads to a sort of relativism, and hence to the conclusion that scientific progress has nothing to do with getting closer to the truth. Kuhn seems to accept this.  But he says he still believes in scientific progress since he believes that later theories are usually better than earlier theories in that they are more precise, deliver more powerful predictions, offer fruitful research programs, and are more elegant. Another consequence of Kuhn’s theory of paradigm shifts is that science does not progress in an even way, gradually accumulating knowledge and deepening its explanations.  Rather, disciplines alternate between periods of normal science conducted within a dominant paradigm, and periods of revolutionary science when an emerging crisis requires a new paradigm. That is what paradigm shift originally meant, and what it still means in the philosophy of science.  When used outside philosophy, though, it often just means a significant change in theory or practice.  So events like the introduction of high definition TVs, or the acceptance of gay marriage, might be described as involving a paradigm shift.