Saturday, August 31, 2019

Promotion and Price Analysis

The product chosen for its promotion campaign analysis is instant coffee Nescafe produced by Nestle. Before analyzing the promotion campaign, it is important to determine the target audience of Nescafe. In the major part coffee is usually preferred by both male and female at the age of   20 to 45 approximately. Children are usually not allowed to drink much coffee, since caffeine is believed to provoke special hyper reaction. Older people, in turn, are trying to avoid coffee because at this age they are taking special care for their health.Thus, the typical segmentation in the sector can be represented in the following way:Demographic characteristics:men and women from 20 to 45;single/married/married with children;elderly people who prefer decaffeinated coffee.Economic: low, middle and premium segments;Consumption habits:regular buyers, random buyers;those who prefer to drink coffee at coffee bars/ those who prefer to drink coffee at home / those who prefer take-outs;  those who prefer to drink coffee alone/ in a company;psychographical characteristics:people who lead active style of life/passive style of life;people who prefer status/price/taste/convenience;businessmen/students/working people. (Cateora, 1990, p.116)As for Nescafe its target segments are:1. Married and married with children people who prefer to drink coffee alone at home and buy instant coffee on a regular basis. It is caused by the fact that those people are oftentimes busy and they do not have time to brew their coffee. Moreover, those who have children usually face the problem that if they leave the coffee in the coffee machine, their children might tempt to drink it.2.Students who simply do not have coffee machines and prefer instantaneous coffee, which they can easily make at any given time.Thus, we can see that Nescafe is aimed for younger audience as its core segment.  Ã‚   Targeting the younger audience as its core segment, it is very important for the company with such a strong b rand as Nescafe to distinguish the core values for this type of customers. Such values are individuality, independence, pleasure, self-confidence.Thus, the brand is positioned as the one, which has extraordinary taste that you want to enjoy every day. The slogan sounds like â€Å"Don’t let anyone prevent you from enjoying your favorite taste†. The company emphasizes both functional qualities of the product, as well as special feelings that it gives to the customers – pleasure, comfort, and the whole imaginary world that you want to enjoy over and over again. Nescafe is really aimed to be â€Å"Your favorite taste,† as another slogan states. Thus, we can see that Nescafe is professing more individualistic values.However, Nescafe is still perceived as a caring, charming brand, though it gives self-confidence and assures good taste. People choose this brand as they trust its long-standing reputation and think this brand is very reliable. Moreover, it is quit e affordable as well. Since it cares about people, Nescafe, as it was mentioned before, presents something for everybody – a wide range of choice from different type of product to different sizes and prices.Having analyzed the positioning of Nescafe, it is easier to determine the key messages that are being delivered via different channels of communications. The first channel of communication is television with large-scale advertising. The key message that are being delivered is that Nescafe is a wonderful taste that needs to be enjoyed and enjoyed. Global commercial portraying woman in a peculiar garment trying to become unnoticed by her husband to be able to enjoy Nescafe alone is the best proof of that.Thus, we can see that brand managers of Nescafe are emphasizing physical qualities of the product, specifically its taste. However, the TV with its ability to show the wide range of colors, sounds and images is also chosen to make people feel and understand the sophisticatio n of Nescafe’s taste. It was already mentioned that Nescafe is positioned as a premium segment coffee (despite subbrand Nescafe classic). That is why it is crucial to transmit to the audience the very special qualities, the originality of the brand.Thus, on of the original feature of Nescafe appears to be its sophistication, its elite taste. The commercial is trying to convey that if you drink Nescafe, it means that you belong to the chosen circle of people who have exceptional taste, namely elite.The second channel of communication is Internet. In fact, Nescafe has its own web-site separate from the site of the producer Nestle. Nescafe site was created in order to give its target audience ampful information about the product and the brand in particular. It has the description of all the existing types of Nescafe (subbrands), about the new products that appears in the product line. It also tells about the coffee as a physical substance, about its nutrition etc.Thus, the main message that is being delivered via Internet (including Internet advertising) is that brand Nescafe is so diverse, that everyone can find something that suits him/her the best wether it is Necafe Colombie or Nescafe Gold. The message stimulates to try Nescafe and to match the desire with the available product brand.Finally, the third channel of communication is publicity. The latter is achieved by creating different kinds of informational grounds. It can be sponsorship of certain events that are covered by different types of media. It can be informational articles discussing the problem of coffee-drinking. It can also be different special events that are also covered in media.   For instance, in 2004 in England there was a contest the winners of which could experience a luxury balloon flight and stay in the country hotel house.The evnts was transmitted via TV. This was a great informational ground and thus the cause of publicity. The main message that is delivered via publicity is that Nescafe is a reliable trustworthy and responsible brand. Thus, drinking Nescafe one can be sure of its exceptional quality. In other words, publicity is aimed to ensure good reputation of Nescafe and ultimately to form a strong brand loyalty of customers.As for pricing, it is not dependent on the life cycle of the product. Coffee is a product with an extended life-cycle since the taste and the quality of it are unique, and the customers are usually loyal to the brand that can ensure the same quality taste over and over again. Therefore, the pricing of Nescafe is based upon its segmentation. Simply saying the premium segment brands such as Nescafe Gold, Nescafe cap Colombie, Nescafe Alta Rica cost more. They are aimed at elite target audience with more than average level of income.Similarly, there is also an offer for the lower income level people who cannot afford buying premium segment products.   This offer is called Nescafe Classic, which is substantially cheaper than bra nds mentioned before. Thus, we see that Nescafe pricing strategy is more of a marketing tool that allows to cover more of a target audience. Yet, the key target audience for Nescafe still remains people with more than average income segment that can afford buying elite products.In conclusion, it is important to say that Nescafe is aimed to embrace as big audience as possible. However, its primary focus is on younger people with middle and high income, who are self-confident, active and enjoy pleasure. The company positions its brand as the one giving tempting taste that you want to enjoy. Since the brand is designed to embrace wide circle of customers, the company uses differentiation while pricing the product, giving its customers the opportunity to choose from different types and sizes.The key messages that Nescafe is trying to deliver depends on the channel of communication. yet, the main messages emphasize Nescafe’s exceptional taste, reliability of the brand and its pecu liarity varying on the subbrand, so that everyone can find something that suits him/her best.ReferencesApplbaum K. â€Å"The Marketing Era† Routledge, New York, 2004 Brown S. â€Å"Imagining Marketing: Art, aesthetics and the avant-garde† Routledge, London, 2000 Cateora P. †International Marketing†, 7th ed. Irwin, Homewood, IL, 1990 Laforet S. (1999)  «Managing Brand Portfolios: Why Leaders Do What They Do† In Journal of Advertising Research, vol.39, p.23 Parsons A. (1996) â€Å"Nestle; The visions of local managers† In The McKinsey Quarterly, no.2, pp.21-22

Friday, August 30, 2019

5 Performance Objectives of Wegmans

Performance objectives of Wegmans Today I decided to do my presentation about Wegmans main performance objectives, first of all I will describe what exactly Wegmans Company is and what are 5 objectives of operations. Wegmans Food Markets, Inc. is a privately-held, family owned company that was founded in 1916 by the Wegman family. Based in Rochester, NY, they have raised the bar on the customer shopping experience. The company prides itself on offering exceptional customer service, high quality goods, an abundance of choice, restaurant-quality prepared foods, and beautiful stores and displays.Wegmans has appeared on Fortune's annual â€Å"100 Best Companies to Work For† list since its inception in 1998, and has ranked among the top 10 for eight consecutive years. And about performance objectives I can say that it is a generic set of performance and indicators that can be used to set the objectives or judge the performance of any type of operation. There are 5 main performance objectives: Quality – â€Å"Doing things right†. Quality is very important aspect for customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction, it's all about providing error free goods and services.Speed – â€Å"Doing things fast† to minimize the time between the order and the availability of the product or service that gives the customer a speed advantage. Dependability –â€Å"Being on time†, means that customers will get their goods and services when they are promised. Flexibility – â€Å"Changing what they do†. It's about that organizations can change their products and services and change the way they do business. Cost – â€Å"Doing things cheaply†. Low price is a universal attractive objective to customers, which can be achieved by producing goods at lower costs.Let’s begin discussion about Wegmans performance objectives. Quality as I already said is most important from these five and of course it’s important for this company as well. The most important thing employers are doing is prevent problems from occurring in the first place by carefully partnering with suppliers who understand their expectations. Be it a grower, a Wegmans brand manufacturer or a seafood supplier, company makes it its business to know suppliers well, visiting their fields or facilities whenever possible.If a supplier is making a product for Wegmans lebel, they must either be inspected by Wegmans' own Quality Assurance Auditors or must be certified against one of seven â€Å"Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI)† endorsed manufacturing standards. The first shipment of any new Wegmans brand product is scrutinized by company's Quality Assurance staff to be sure it meets product specifications and food safety requirements. Tests are conducted in Wegmans Test Kitchen lab, or if necessary, by independent laboratories. Additional sampling and testing is done periodically, sometimes prompted by customer or employee comments.Company also pays attention on friendly environment. Each store manager sets the tone for the warm, friendly work environment that employees expect when they work for Wegmans. And in turn, employees greet their customers with warm, friendly, helpful attitudes, which is crucial for any business whose employees regularly interact with customers. So as we can see Company cares much about safety and high quality of products, because the owners of the business know well that high quality can influence customer satisfaction and lead to stable and efficient processes.For Wegmans Company it is very important to produce services and goods as fast as possible, and for this they are doing their best. As we know for fast production it's important to have very good, qualified employees and good, modern technologies. So Wegmans company cares much about staff which works there, Wegmans’ Chairman Robert Wegman state that: â€Å"Respect, fairness, honesty, and concern are whatâ€⠄¢s important to people. To my way of thinking, the only way to achieve great customer service is by treating employees right.They have qualified employees in technic and production departments and also they have different training programs for providing better performance of the staff. Wegmans puts a huge emphasis on being an innovator in retail technology. In 1974, Wegmans was one of the first companies to introduce bar-code scanning, and in 1990 Wegmans introduced electronic discounts. The company launched its web site, wegmans. com in 1996. The site not only helps customers save time and money through its on-line ad, but also offers meal solutions, recipes, and even provides the ability to apply for jobs within the company.According to all these company is providing fast production and this is a huge way for the company success. Dependability is extremely important factor for customer trust and satisfaction, as i checked Wegman's has strong position in it too. Customers are much satisfied how fast the company delivers its products, they love to go for shopping in Wegmans, some of them even said that: â€Å"A trip to Wegman's is better than a trip to an amusement park†. All these is caused because firm provides additional ervices such as internet shops, which means that you can check out Wegmans products and services online, and even buy there, so save time by this, they also have recipes how to cook many different type and delicious food, they even provide these service by internet, if you go on their online page you can see many videos, about how to cook different foods, so as one Wegmaniac put it, â€Å"Shopping at Wegman's is an experience. † In addition to a unique shopping experience, including one-third of the space devoted to prepared foods, with another 15,000 sq. ft. or a liquor department, a 300-seat cafe, 70,000 products and some 30 checkout lanes, Wegmans brought relocated 75 Rochester employees to Massachusetts to ensure customer s are treated the way Wegmans wants them to be treated. As an addition i would like to say that company managers said that for them it's very important to know their consumer base and understand the demand. There's so much diversity in Wegman's markets these days, they need to know who their customers are and give them what they want. They said they have to give them not only what they are familiar with, but also explore other products that might not be a mainstream item.And in their case, that's unique vegetables and fruits. Flexibility helps the firm to change over between tasks quickly and without wasting time and capacity. Wegmans provide good flexibility, as the firm is changing over time, they are doing researches and are changing by customer needs, they can change techniques, operations, they are producing new products, are offering many different services. For example last year they did a research and find out that they can be successful in growing certain varieties of organ ic produce in the northeast.CEO of the firm also said that last year they explored new techniques called a hoop house. It's a metal frame with a plastic cover, and there they grow heirloom tomatoes and it was very successful. Every month they are offering new food products and for special celebration days they have special recipes, for example for thanksgiving day they offer which Turkey to choose, how to cook it, with what ingredients and so on, all these staff is very likable for customers and that's a another factor why it is so popular.And the final objective cost is described For Wegmans as follows, they are trying in all ways to keep medium costs and at this time keep all the customers as well. They are doing this very well, because they have many tools for this, for example at a time when commodity and fuel costs are rising dramatically, Wegmans Food Markets announced that it will not increase prices on 40 products that families buy most, to help customers and employees manag e their grocery costs. â€Å"We considered the importance of an item to a family when choosing our list of 40,† said President Colleen Wegman. Such things as bananas, pasta, frozen vegetables, and laundry detergent are in most shopping carts every week. They are products that families can’t do without, so what they pay for these items really matters. † The 40 products they selected to hold prices on were those that families buy week in and out. They were mostly Wegmans brand. Why? They have better access to information on the factors that determine costs for their own brand. Their quality makes them already the best value in their categories, and they’re often the top-selling brand.Another good example of cost leadrship of Wegmans is that, In November of 2008, many families were feeling the economic shock of their lives as the nation’s financial system teetered, jobs melted away, and household budgets shrank. Wegmans announced a decision to lower hu ndreds of prices on frequently purchased products. If customers and employees were facing leaner times, the company reasoned, Wegmans should also live with leaner times. So by performance objectives described above we can see that Wegmans is successful company and is doing best for its customers.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

A Victim of a Sexual Assault Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Victim of a Sexual Assault - Research Paper Example It is important to understand what a sexual assault means before proceeding to the possible damages that such as crime can attract. Any type of physical contact involving sexual organs that are unwanted is sexual assault. Many people perceive sexual assault as forcible rape, not knowing that it is only a type of sexual assault. This means that there are different types of sexual assaults recognized by the law. Sexual assault may be in the form of rape, inappropriate touching, child molestation, attempted rape, groping, sexual harassment, elderly sexual assault and sexual intercourse where one party says no to or any other sexual activity that a person says no to. The concept of assault comes about if the victim of the sexual ordeal did not consent to the sexual contact that they were subjected to. However, according to Smothers, if the victim is a child or is intoxicated, he or she is not capable of giving legal consent to sexual contact. The sexual ordeal in such a case qualifies to be called a sexual assault. In fact, the law stipulates that sexual assault with a person who is intoxicated becomes sexual assault, regardless of the intoxicating substance that the assault victim was under the influence. These substances may include â€Å"date-rape† drugs, alcohol, drugs or any other intoxicating substances. It is also important to note that if a person feels or thinks that they are a victim of sexual assault by having undergone any of the above ordeals, he or she is advised by the law to inform the police immediately. Reporting is important for many reasons such as preventing the same sexual offender from assaulting others, providing psychological closure for the victim and creating certainty about the victim’

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Arts Criticism and Cultural & Historical Perspectives on-line Assignment

Arts Criticism and Cultural & Historical Perspectives on-line explorations - Assignment Example Time remains valuable to the human race, and when it passes when one has not accomplished set goals it causes regret or sadness (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History). Fireflies Over the Uji River by Moonlight is an 18th century painting by Suzuki Shonen based on Japanese culture. The painting signifies a secluded place or a dark neighbourhood that appears threatening for a passer-by. In essence, this Japanese painting basis its theme on the life of a Buddhist who lives in an isolated location such that a passer-by cannot hear music coming from area because of the night rain (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History). The big idea from the painting invokes a murky situation that leads to feelings of somberness. The heavy rain and mist shows an environment of darkness and dullness (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History). The General View of the Burial Chamber of Neferkhewet before the Commencement of Clearing represents the 20th century painting of Harry Burton. This Egyptian work shows the tomb of Neferkhewet and family that was found in 1935. The tomb appeared tattered, crumbled and collapsed in many areas leaving it exposed (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History). The big idea from the painting reflects dumbness and somberness in how the tomb appears ruined. The image shows that the dampness led to the breakdown of most of the organic matter in the tomb. In this way, it leaves a feeling of dullness and grimness for the destruction of human remains that should be protected (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History). This visual arts website provides information on the history of transportation from ancient to modern day machines. The site offers important timeline information from 3500 BC wheels on carts were the main source of transport and later years of horses, wheelbarrows and hot air balloons. The 18th century saw the first road vehicle, 19th century cable car, and 20th century airplanes as well as

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Term paper of Digital Cinema class Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Of Digital Cinema class - Term Paper Example Convergence is the interlinking of the ICTs and computing, communication networks, and other media content due to the development of the internet. There have been many convergent products and services that have been introduced in the digital media space. The internet is the main aspect which has emerged as a digital media environment where all institutions interact across the ICT networks whether they are art or business, government or journalism, health or education, or any other activity that is part of the industrial or social life (Jenkins, 2004, p. 35). In order to understand media convergence, there are four dimensions to be covered; technological, industrial, social, and textual. Technological dimension is the combination of communications, computing, and content across the networks of digital media platforms. The industrial dimension is the engagement of media institutions in digital media environment, and how the companies form digital bases and rise as important media content providers, examples include Microsoft, Google, Apple, and others. The social dimension is the social networking which has greatly emerged due to the internet media such as Facebook and Twitter. It enables the growth of user generated content. The textual dimension is the remixing and reuse of media into transmedia where media content and stories are spread across several media platforms. Technological advancements and changes are constant in the modern economics but the change that media convergence and digitalization brings provides a base for the new technological-economic paradigm. Technology and knowledge in societies have merged together in various media aspects creating a new paradigm. Internet has been a significant aspect in the age of information and telecommunications which started from the 1990s till present. This new aspect challenges the business models, industrial structures, public policy making, and organizational

Monday, August 26, 2019

Three theories for a better life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Three theories for a better life - Essay Example Thus, it is important that we know â€Å"ourselves†, our failings, our tendencies and our weaknesses so that we may guard ourselves from it and prevent ourselves from veering away from virtuousness. We can take for an example an honest family man who makes a living for his family. He may toil with integrity under normal situation, but when a crisis like losing a job will set in, he may be faced with a dilemma that would reveal his weakness and change his disposition (honesty). He may be tempted to commit fraud when presented the opportunity just to provide for his family. This is a common dilemma that confronts many â€Å"honest† people which made them less virtuous because it hit their unguarded weaknesses such as theirlove and duty for their family that held them hostage to do things that they do not like. 3) (a) State and explain the meaning of the second version of Kant's categorical imperative. (b) what are the ethical implications of this  imperative; [c] provid e a somewhat detailed analysis of an ethically relevant problem or situation, different from those discussed in the  readings or in class, that can be illuminated through this imperative. To effectively explain Kant’s second version of categorical imperative, it would be necessary to understand what Kant meant by categorical imperative. According to Kant, imperatives imply what they meant which are command such as â€Å"wake up early†. Often they are hypothetical imperative because they only serve a specific objective or purpose such as â€Å"wake up early so you will not be later for work. This imperative or command becomes categorical when it is applied... To effectively explain Kant’s second version of categorical imperative, it would be necessary to understand what Kant meant by categorical imperative. According to Kant, imperatives imply what they meant which are command such as â€Å"wake up early†. Often they are hypothetical imperative because they only serve a specific objective or purpose such as â€Å"wake up early so you will not be later for work. This imperative or command becomes categorical when it is applied universally and that the actions and decisions of individuals are to be judged solely by their motivations and that the consequences do not matter morally (as in the case of hypothetical imperative) neither the intended consequences nor the actual consequences matter morally; only the principle or rule we follow if we do the action matters morally. Thus actions themselves become an end and this action should be a rational result in the exercise of freewill. Consistent to this, Kant’s second impe rative states that every person has the duty to use and exercise his goodness/humanity as a means to an end. The application of this second formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative is best illustrated in slave ownership. A slave owner may assert his right to own a property which in this case is a slave. While ownership by itself is not immoral, slave ownership becomes unethical or immoral according to Kant’s second imperative because it deprives a person of his free rational action and that persons can never be a mere means to an end.

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Is it possible to manage peoples values and emotions Essay

Is it possible to manage peoples values and emotions - Essay Example I shall be moving ahead after defining emotions in words of Dess (2010), values and finally the management of these features using the work of Totterwell (2012). In the next section, there would be a description of certain ways in which emotions can be controlled, modified in a workplace and in other environments as well while at the same time creating a distinction between suppression of an emotion its modification (Ostell, Baverstock, Wright 2012). There would be present some explanation of the how Paarlberg and Perry (2007) classify the management of values under the social context along with Willmott’s (1993) study bringing to light the setbacks faced by people over time due to mismanaged emotions in work settings. In the third section of this essay, I shall be elucidating the positive implications of management of emotions and values with reference to the works of Karp, Tanarugsachock (2000) and Shipman, Zeeman, Penza, and Champion (2000) stressing upon the fact that emot ion management has long been used in treating patients of mental disorders like anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder etc. Emotions are defined as a conscious experience that includes a state of (physiological) arousal and a mediating interpretation (Dess 2010). Keeping in mind this definition, emotion puts emphasis on two factors, arousal and an attempt on part of the experiencing person or animal to label the experience (Dess 2010). Values on the other hand refer to the beliefs of a set of people or a community regarding the ideas of good and bad, just and unjust, righteous and evil. They are the shared beliefs of a culture which guide a person’s manner in which he expresses his emotions in a situation and his attitude towards it. Emotions and values form an integral part of one’s life, both on individual level and at the level of community. Modulating one’s behavior is important in everyday dealings. Raw or untamed emotions

Saturday, August 24, 2019

ECO-FRIENDLY KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT Dissertation

ECO-FRIENDLY KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT - Dissertation Example This paper will adopt the conceptual model approach, framed by Yin (1989) in his research article. According to Yin (1989) conceptual models are necessary while conducting research work, especially in the context of framing a well-defined information and subsequent discussion and analysis. Quite often used when two phenomena are being compared and contrasted (in this case comparing and contrasting two procurement organizations, A and B), this approach requires that the researcher frame and organize the data into a modular format. This paper is in line with Yin’s theory of the resultant conceptual model, which though formulated primarily primary data, also allows for the mapping of a phenomenon and its subsequent theoretical analysis. In other words, this approach allows for the explanation of facts through theoretical analysis; the expansion of knowledge through the clarification of the relation between reality and theory; and most importantly, is ideally appropriate for a com parative analysis of two organizations (Yin, 1989). The nature and concerns of the current research have led to the determination of the imperatives of extensively exploiting the conceptual model approach. The research focuses on the critical analysis of two organizations, from the data collected during primary research. Organization A, a public sector entity, is a Public Procurement Organization; while Organization B, also a Public Procurement Organization belongs to a different Department. Primary data from both the organizations were collected through the process of extensive interviewing. 4.5.1 Qualitative Sampling When selecting samples for qualitative survey, a different set of priorities must be taken into consideration. Each conducted qualitative survey is almost similar to an individual scientific research. Here the sample size is not important, rather the set up of observable patterns in the data, is. According to Patton (1987), â€Å"The sample should be large enough to be credible, given the purpose of evaluation, but small enough to permit adequate depth and detail for each case or unit in the sample†. Qualitative samples tend to be studied in nature, rather than being random (Crabtree and Miller, 1999). Studied sampling, or criterion?based selection (Miles and Huberman, 1994) bases the selection of research and participants on certain specific features and characteristics that will enable the researcher to gather in?depth information on areas important for that particular research. This type of studied sampling is therefore strategic in nature (Crabtree and Miller, 1999), with scope for easy access to explore a situation and the participants, having only secondary importance. Typical case sampling, a particular type of purposive sampling, observed mainly in cases that are representative of a larger group selected for a detailed analysis, is relevant to the present study (Patton, 1987). Since qualitative research does not emphasize on stati stical data interpretation, there is no compulsion that samples must be of a sufficient scale for a researcher to arrive at a conclusion (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000). Sample sizes must be kept credibly small, in order to do justice to the rich evidence provided by the qualitative studies and to make best use of the resources available for intensive research analysis (Ritchie and Lewis, 2003). Within the context of the present study, sample size was primarily

Evolution of Public relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evolution of Public relations - Essay Example In the same way, companies felt the need for relieving the function of shareholders communication from the finance department, who lacked communication skills (McKee & Lamb, 2009). Shareholder communications were aimed at exploring the needs of the shareholders and communicate to them the best approach that firms adopt. Change in companies is caused by government intervention and the crisis in the market; inherently, this is the case with private equity industry. The current business environment is dynamic and changing making the fund investor and managers develop new strategies. There is an overhaul of the Public relations to ensure that managers receive granular information that is critical in decision making. They have aligned policies and practices to ensure that the evolving regulatory environment does not affect operations. In essence, the Public relation has become an integral part of the listed companies worldwide. Evidence shows that the industry alignment between investors and fund managers is heading towards the right path. There has been capability and process building that commensurate with the needs of the investors. However, the challenge is the ability of the regulatory overhang to influence the industry progression. McKee & Lamb (2009) says the integration of technology has been introduced in the industry to increase the role in reporting, managing, and capturing data for communication purposes. Many firms are investing in technology to meet the needs of the customers.

Friday, August 23, 2019

Business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Business environment - Essay Example The following graph shows the example of perfect competition Monopoly: Monopoly is totally opposite to perfect competition. In perfect monopoly, only one manufacturer or supplier exists but in reality, such sort of market hardly exists because in such an advanced arena there must be a substitute of each product. There is a dominance of one firm on overall market, such firm can influence prices, lack of substitute, very high barriers to entry (Wilkinson, 2005). Example of such market structure can be a cable company in India, electricity supplier in many countries including Pakistan, and British Telecom. The following graph represents the monopoly market: Monopsony: In monopsony, firmshavethe power to employee factors of production and each firm employee a miniature amount of employees in order to influence the rate of wages. In such market, only one buyer of a particular sort of laborexists. Firms are wage makers because labor has fewer options (McConnell, 2012). Due to the highest bargaining power, firms have lower manufacturing cost and, therefore, largest profit margin.Example of such firms is the electricity generator because it can negotiate a lower price of gas and coal supply contract. Low cost airline gets favorable price for new fleet, food retailers use their bargaining power when purchase items from milk producer, farmer, and other dealers. The following graph shows the example of monopsony market. Oligopoly: In oligopoly, competition exists between few firms. May the industry have the largest number of firms however;few larger firms dominate the overall industry. Firms are liable to manufacture or supply differentiated or standardized products, such firms have to face high entry barriers, have medium power to affect the market price (Wilkinson, 2005). Example of oligopolistic market is the sports apparel industry. Multiple manufacturers exist in sports apparel industry, but some majors like Adidas, Puma, and Nike are dominating the overall

Thursday, August 22, 2019

How Do “an Unearthly Child” and “Rose” Introduce the Doctor Who Concept Essay Example for Free

How Do â€Å"an Unearthly Child† and â€Å"Rose† Introduce the Doctor Who Concept Essay Doctor Who was designed by Sydney Newman, the director of the BBC in 1963, who was faced with a dilemma. He was to produce a program for the family audience, which could be played between a sports programme, Grandstand, and a teen pop music programme, Jukebox Jury. Newman wanted the programme to entertain and educate people at the same time, in the ways of science and history. Newman, himself an adamant science-fiction fan, came up with the idea of a man, whom the people know little of, who travels around the cosmos in his 1960’s blue police box, his TARDIS. However, he needed some way to get the information from the Doctor to the public. Thus he created the companion, a normal person who accompanies the Doctor on his travels. He would introduce them in the first episodes, such as â€Å"Rose† and â€Å"An Unearthly Child†. 60’s audiences needed a programme that was not only entertaining, but also educational, since the whole family was to watch it. It also had to be appropriate for children to watch. Many families complained that the show was too frightening and gory. In fact, interest declined greatly if the Daleks did not feature in an episode. However, towards the late 1980s, interest bottomed out completely. The director of the programme at the time decided to take it off air. In 2005, we wanted shows that could make us ask questions, gave us an adrenaline rush or related to real life. Our expectations of television shows, especially in science-fiction and film, have risen with the new technology and special effects that can be used in a programme or film. Therefore, â€Å"Rose† uses special effects One of the show’s producer’s commented that she thought that the show may be too gory or frightening for the younger generation. The theme music was also a cause of complaint, as one mother said, â€Å"The theme music alone frightens my son†. A report showed that 3% of a surveyed audience found the show unsuitable for â€Å"family viewing†, because of the violent and frightening content. The show Doctor Who was a programme designed to educate families about space, science and history. However, nowadays, a typical family would not watch this together unless most or all of the children were teenage or grown up. We expect that a science-fiction programme should be dynamic, violent and exciting, because we want to have something to be scared of. It has, in recent times, leant over to the special effects and entertainment side of programmes in general, we do not expect a science-fiction programme to be educational as well as entertaining, and we feel that we only need documentaries for educating people. Doctor Who has merely become a source of entertainment. Rose, in â€Å"Rose†, is a blonde savvy East Londoner, speaks with a typical East-London accent and is a tough, here-and-now girl. Susan, in â€Å"An Unearthly Child† is a strange girl, seems to be the age of a secondary school girl, but with a much higher IQ and much more intelligent. We need the companions to ask questions, to help the public learn about the Doctor. There have always been no more than 3 companions at one time who travel with the Doctor. In â€Å"An Unearthly Child†, the first aired episode of Doctor Who, the Doctor traps 2 teachers in the TARDIS and takes them to the planet of the Daleks with his â€Å"grand-daughter†, Susan. Susan is around 16 years old. She seems to be the perfect student, according to the conversation which science teacher, Ian, who is worried that she may be too intelligent, and who is worried about his own intelligence has with Barbara, Susan’s history teacher, who is worried about her home life. The conversation is mixed with flashbacks of Susan in class, showing a more superior knowledge than her classmates. She has a high breathy voice, as was expected in actresses in the 1960s, and a 60s-style haircut, although it is very severely cut. These are the first clues that Susan is truly and â€Å"unearthly child†. When Barbara voices her worries, we are told that Susan has explained that she lives at a certain address. However, when Barbara visits to drop off a book that Susan has requested, there seems to be no legitimate address; it is a dump site, and when Barbara asks about Susan’s grandfather, Susan says that he prefers not to see people, although she mentions that he is a doctor. This plants the first seeds of doubt in the viewers’ minds, because although the flashbacks were strange, they could have just been referring to Susan as an overly intelligent child who doesn’t quite fit in with school life. We think that surely such an intelligent girl cannot live in a dump with only her grandfather. It also brings the viewers to worries such as, Is the grandfather a criminal, hiding away like that? and Is Susan really safe, living with such an old man?. We begin to think with the history teacher. When the teachers decide to go see Susan in a classroom, we have already learnt many of her qualities. The scene cuts to a shot of Susan in a classroom by herself. She is holding a small handheld music device to her ear and she is dancing to it. However, her dancing is not the typical 1960s dancing you would expect – it is very smooth and flowing, not something the audiences would expect from a teenager in 1963. The dancing makes her seem as if she has never heard the music before. This is another sign to show she is not really â€Å"from this world†. When the teachers ask her whether she would like a lift home (for it is dark), she declines the offer, saying that she likes the dark, â€Å"it’s mysterious†. She is also lent a book by Barbara, which appears to be one she has asked for. It is about the French Revolution. When scene ends, the shot is of Susan sitting on the table, holding the book and saying, â€Å"That’s not right! †. This almost seems as if she knows better, that she may have been there. This is the first proper hint of the fact that Susan is a time traveller. The previous hints may have shown that Susan was an odd child, that she had an active imagination. In â€Å"Rose†, we are introduced to Rose when she is finishing her shift at a department store. This shows that she is short of money, and implies that she did not receive a good education, because of the simple idea that uneducated people get jobs in Boots and Tescos. We cut to several shots from different angles within the space of a few seconds, as if to show the hectic speed that her life is played out at. This effect has been used because today, we are all familiar with Music has always played a key feature in television programmes, especially in dynamic and exciting shows like Doctor Who. For example, in â€Å"An Unearthly Child†, not much music is played, because much of the programme is conversation. The music that was played was spooky music, designed to scare the listener. It was mostly orchestrated, although some was edited with the â€Å"latest† 1960s equipment and technology. If the modern audience heard it today, they would think it is old-fashioned and outdated, because the music we hear today has a stronger beat and is we use more electronics to edit it. The props used in both â€Å"Rose† and â€Å"An Unearthly Child† have been synonymous to their times. The props used in the school scene of â€Å"An Unearthly Child† are only normal school desks and chairs. In the dump scene, outside the TARDIS, the dump is filled with typical things you would expect to find in a dump then. These props were well within budget, and because there were no stunts involving those scenes, the producers did not have to continuously pay money to have replacements built. This therefore, was cost effective. However, in â€Å"Rose†, to get the shots right when the department store blows up, the BBC had to pay for various things including safety screens for the cameras, insurance if the pyrotechnics went wrong, explosives and models for repeated shots. This however, was not too much of a problem, as the more modern episode had a bigger budget to account for the modern audience’s tastes – action, adrenaline, mystery and adventure. The camera shots also had to be cost effective, meaning that the ways in which both episodes were filmed both had to be appropriate and as accurate as possible. In â€Å"An Unearthly Child†, people were not used to people getting hurt on screen or otherwise. The budget and the technology could not stretch to the limits that we possibly might expect today. For example, the only major â€Å"stunt† scene is when the TARDIS starts up and Ian falls over. This effect was achieved by shaking the camera about while the actors fell about on set. This effect is laughable when watched today, but the 1960’s audience will have been filled with concern. Nowadays, the effect is achieved with a moving floor and a shaking camera. The shots in â€Å"An Unearthly Child† were produced by a camera which could not be zoomed in. This meant that between close-ups, the camera had to be moved. This was obviously time-consuming. The shot where the camera is moving around the TARDIS is achieved by placing the camera on a moving platform on rails or wheels. This is then moved while the camera is filming. Nowadays, we can pre-set the movements of the camera with a computer. In â€Å"Rose†, many computer generated effects were used to bring a sense of something that could not be created by man. For example, the Nestene Consciousness was a CGI effect. The effect had to be backed up by sound. The sounds that were needed were computer generated also, because the effect could not be achieved through instrumental music. . The actor Christopher Eccleston actually had to talk to a blank area on the ground while filming. Today the effects have moved on even more, and we can simply use greenscreen to solve the problem. The older episode, â€Å"An Unearthly Child† obviously could not have achieved these effects, as the technology to design them had not been created yet. As a viewer, I prefer the episode â€Å"Rose†, because the effects used in it created a sense of what the modern viewer wants – action, adrenaline, mystery and adventure. It is also longer, providing more entertainment for a longer period of time. This meant that the producer could cram a lot of information and adventure into one episode. The plot is more intriguing because the effects can be created by computer and other technology, not just physical objects.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Relationship Of Religion And Afghanistan Politics Essay

Relationship Of Religion And Afghanistan Politics Essay Historically, religion has a strong influence in every aspect of life, especially politics, in Afghanistan. The relationship between these two entities has been established for long time. The religion of Islam has been always integrated into the political and educational system of the country. Afghanistans constitution is derived from Islamic Sharia laws, which has combined religious and secular systems. The amalgamation of religion and politics in Afghanistan has caused decades of instability and in order to stabilize the country the politics and education system should be separated from the religion. We believe that Islam is the superior religion, and we appreciate the Islamic laws. However, religious leaders who are in the politics are misusing Islamic decrees. Therefore, it is not only defaming Islam, but also creating misunderstanding between nations, slowing down the economy and becoming a reason for conflicts in the county. To stabilize the country, apply human rights, and bring overall peace in Afghanistan, there should be compatibility between religion and politics. This can be possible through a secular system to fragment the religious elite powers from the state or in Islamic point of view Ijtihad (General acceptance of new concepts and privileges in to Islamic Sharia law) in the religion. For the first time in the history of Afghanistan, King Amanullah Khan brought magnificent reforms in the political and education systems of the country during 1928 after his state visit from Europe. King Amanuallah Khan struggled to apply European norms in Afghanistan. He realized that a secular system is the best solution to overcome dilemmas in the country. Europe could not stop their internal political problems for many decades due to religion influences between the sects of Christianity. After years of quarrels Europeans realized that beside religion, which directs spiritual life, government should control secular life. Europeans achieved their goals and created a strong union by their novel idea of separation of religion from state. The king chose the same strategy, but the strong bonds of religious parties and their extremist movements failed him. The religious leaders with public furor turned down the system and ousted the king from the throne(Riza). The newborn secular system was devastated by religious bodies, which changed governments systems. The secular schools, including girls schools, closed. Women divorce rights ended. They abolished the secular courts and replaced them by Sharia law courts, which are still applicable. Overall, Afghanistan relinquished a huge opportunity and faced challenges that led the country to the current instability in every aspect of life, especially politics, education, and social integrity (Riza). The state system was already mixing with strong Sharia law, so that the country faced a dark age of obstacles, three decades of war and Soviet invasion. After the collapse of communist regime, Mujahedeen took over the power and civil war started in the country. It was not long that the fundamentalist Taliban captured Afghanistan. These extremists not only were deprived from global modernity, but also neglect of the real Islamic knowledge. They were claiming on applying pure Islamic Sharia law. In actuality, they applied a system that was anti-Islamic and anti-human means. After the collapse of the Taliban regime, the world supported Afghans and changed the government system of the country. Afghanistans new constitution ratified, an amalgamate government formed. Yet religious parties are strongly involved in the system. They interfere in every component of the government. Indeed, they are a strong barrier against application of democracy in the country and people are still suffering. On the other hand, the legal system is a mixture of devout and customs that mostly religious leaders are practicing customary ideas inside the Islamic laws. It contradicts both Sharia law and human rights. Because of the less and primitive cultural and madrasas knowledge most religious leaders cannot distinguish between Sharia laws and old practiced customs. For example, in the rural regions they are applying a customary concept called Baad. In Baad case when, there is a conflict between two families or relatives, if anyone is killed from any side, to resolve this dispute, the murderers side usually gives his daughter or a girl to the victims family. It is opposite to any Islamic and state laws in the world. This custom is completely against human rights, even not acceptable in the Islamic law, yet it is practiced in many parts of the country. If there were a secular state legal system established in the country, the state would resolve the issue and people would not suffer. Likewise, religion influences has strongly affected globalization and the national interest of Afghanistan. The world market is so diverse now, globalization interconnects the world, and countries have close business relationship in most cases without consideration of differences in ethnicity, language, and religion. Nevertheless, in a country like Afghanistan the devout leaders and their wrong interpretation of Islam have severely damaged the national interest of the country. As an example, a few months ago the Ministry of Work and Social interaction presented a draft of new law for two days of national holiday in a week to the parliament. The ministry clearly pointed the reasons behind its appeal. They calculated the saving of total cost of government employees during the one day off. In broader prospect, Afghanistans official days has a serious problem with global market. Many businesses are suffering from global transactions, because of the clashes between the holidays in Afghani stan and the rest of world. We have one and half-day holiday during a week, half day off on Thursdays and one day off on Friday. Conversely, most countries especially the Europe and market-oriented countries such as US and China are off on Saturday and Sunday. There is a delay of any business activity at least for two days, which can create huge financial damages for businesses in the country. Besides the strong reasons of the Ministry, the parliament of Afghanistan rejected this draft of law. Because, the parliament is consists of many religious leaders they strongly refused to ratify this law. Their only reason behind was that it is an infidel movement and Afghanistan is an Islamic country. Parliament declared that never want to copy the Christian and Jewish customs and refused the draft. They have forgotten that the Saudi Arabia, which is believe to be the center of Islam, has accepted the two days of holiday because of its compatibility with global market and other political issues. I strongly believe that Afghanistan will never triumph over its economic and political struggles, unless the religious leaders are removed from politics and the separation of the state from the religion. Similarly, ignorant religious leaders deprive women of education. We accept that there are certain rights for women in Islam. However, we cannot compare the current modern area with 1,400 years ago. Moreover, a secular system to stabilize the society and apply the human rights should be compatible with the religion and modernity. Sociologist Steve Bruce argues that: Modernity undermines religion, except when it finds some major social role to play other than mediating the natural and supernatural worlds.(Bruce) In the broader view if religion steps outside of its traditional roles and takes on tasks or identities that are useful on a broader social scale, then it is possible for religion to maintain itself into modernity(Barker). In Islam, it is possible through Ijtihad, which Muslims scholars come to gather and introduce new contemporary concepts and privileges into Islamic Sharia law. The concept of Steve Bruce is acceptable in Islam via Ijtihad. They can include further womens rights inside Islamic laws including education, divorce, and gender equality. Unfortunately, considering Afghanistans situation and its religious and political leaders, it is impossible to apply Ijtihad. Therefore, the only proper way to bring prosperity to the people and the country is to set the religious leaders aside from politics. Let them to practice their religion and the government to do its job, like Turkey, another Islamic country. At the same time, education in Afghanistan like other Muslim countries has a long history. Islam had a major role on Afghan education for centuries. Today, education consists of three different categories: traditional or indigenous (pre-Islamic), modern, and Islamic education. Within the last category, there are four types of Islamic schools in Afghanistan: mosque schools; traditional madrasa, first level; second level; and the modern madrasa or in other words Islamic studies in university level. In addition, Arabic schools have appeared from the eighties and onwards. Moreover, Islam has been a dominant religion in most parts of the country for more than 1200 years and Islamic education has reached many parts of the population including rural people living in remote areas. The Koranic education not only teaches Koran but also writing, reading and counting to rural villagers, -i.e. boys and men. Islam also includes Sharia law, which infers that legal regulations and documents used among illiterate people. During the early twentieth century, the leaders tried to modernize the country, and were influenced by the developments in Turkey. The first constitution was approved on 1923 and more opportunities were given to education, and girls were also allowed to go to school. During the supremacy of King Zahir Shah (1933-1973) the government adopted new constitution and there was a significant growth in modern sector. An Islamist movement was crushed in 1975 and its leaders fled to Pakistan (Karlsson and Mansory). Throughout the 20th century there have been excessive waves of both liberal reform and traditionalist movements in Afghanistan. In the meantime, struggles over control of the education system have become a major competition between democratic and Islamist parties. The democratic and Islamist parties of the Mujahedeen have all tried to shape the political and ideological landscape of Afghanistan by carrying out reforms and religious decrees through education institutions. Afghanistan suffered immensely from the struggles for secular and religious control of educational institutions. Control of the education system has been a mobilizing force for the Mujahedeen movement, the socialists, and the overthrow of the Soviet-made government and the rise of the Taliban. There have been Links between the radical madrassas and the formation of the Taliban and involvement of such institutions of education in breeding Islamic extremism and have been a considerable factor on the security of the Afghan state (Afghanitan and Education). The struggles between secular and religious control of educational has almost totally collapsed the social sector. The literacy rate, for men 45 per cent and for women 11 per cent, among the lowest in the world. (Carlson and Mansory) Gender discrimination has been strengthened in the last decades. Over gender issues there have been many insurrections and battles in Afghanistan. Often, when womens participation in education has been enhanced, it has provoked counteractions. It is an empirical fact that education is a component of human security and one of the most important cornerstones of a society. Every society in the world has known the importance of secular education system and replicates each others experiences in peace-building and conflict prevention. A great example could be Turkey, which is one of the most developed Islamic countries in the world. Afghan government can imitate the Turkey experience and build a prosperous state. Education is a key component in creating communities and grantees their stability. However, the institutional aspects of education can also function as a root cause and source of conflict. This dual nature of education implies both the positive, or peace building and the negative, or conflict enhancing potential. Decades of instability in Afghanistan shows the linkage between institutional education and conflict, which has inadvertently helped to create the conditions for further conflict instead of building a foundation for reconciliation and sustainable peace. Education has a very essential but too often ignored role in relation to conflict prevention, reconciliation, resolution, and reconstruction. In fact, education had been known as a basis for investment in human capital, economic growth and mitigation of conflict. This rationale implies that education should be considered as a non-traditional instrument for building security. Brad Hayes and Jeffrey Sands authors of Non-traditional Military Responses to End Wars: Considerations for Policymakers, state: One, final and perhaps surprising, security area is education. Opening schools and getting children (particularly teenagers) off the streets reduces one source of potential instability, and frees their parents to go to work. School attendance also gives children hope for the future and provides them an alternative to joining factional militias.(Chesterman) By providing a civic curriculum and enhancing opportunities for students, education can act as a unifying factor in nation-building and stability. Education is also known as an essential component of peace-building. The global peace building means to empower the society to manage conflicts without violence and achieve sustainable human security. In brief, I would like to conclude that integration of political and educational system with religion has always been a chaos for countries like Afghanistan. Decades of instability and violence in Afghanistan are a good example to cite here. Afghanistan has faced many challenges with religious leaders who have used the religion as a tool to gain power and use the country for their own favors. Afghanistan political situation will never improve until the Afghan citizens identify the place of religion and politics. Since religion is a fate and politics is a game played to gain power. Afghan people should not trust anyone who uses the religion and play with peoples sentiments and gain power. In order to change the political situation in Afghanistan and lead the country to prosperity it is very important to disintegrate the political system from religion and establish a liberal and secular platform for educational system. As a Muslim I am pretty sure that Islam never contradicts modern ed ucation and democracy. Work Cited Page: Riza, Ali. The strategic use of Islam in Afghan politics. New York. Routledge, 2010: p1. Bruce, Steve. Religion in the Modern World. Oxford University Press. 1996: p 3. Barker, Philip W. and William J. Muck. Holy War for the 21st Century: Globalization, U.S. Foreign Policy, and the Development of Islamic Identity. University of Colorado. 2003: p 3. Afghanistan, Education, and the Formation of the Taliban. Fletcher School, Tufts University Leigh Nolan. January 2006: p1. Karlsson, Pia Amir Mansory. Islamic and Modern Education in Afghanistan Conflictual or Complementary? Institute of International Education Stockholm University, July 2008: p2-3. Chesterman, Simon. Walking Softly in Afghanistan: the Future of UN State- Building, Survival, Autumn 2002: vol. 33, p3.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Gated DIBH for Left Sided Breast Cancer Patients

Gated DIBH for Left Sided Breast Cancer Patients Chapter III: Methodology 3.1 Research Objectives The research project examines left-sided breast cancer patients receiving therapy with gated DIBH technique using the commercially available RPM system. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate whether left-sided breast cancer patients will benefit from gated DIBH. The interest in performing this research arises from having many left-sided breast cancer patients that have large volume of heart in the treatment field, and hence are at risk for cardiac toxicities in the future. The secondary objectives of this research is to look at patient’s comfort and understanding, and radiation therapist’s workload. This chapter will discuss the sample selection, ethical issues, instrumentation, data collection procedures, data analysis, limitations, expected results, budget and timeline. 3.2 Sample selection and description The expected sample size was calculated using the formula (Chan, 2003) for paired samples as seen below, Total sample size = where c is 10.5 for 90% power, ÃŽ ´ is the standardised effect size, given by the formula (Chan, 2003): where ÃŽ ¼1 and ÃŽ ¼2 are the means of the two treatment groups, and ÏÆ' is the common standard deviation. The 90% power represents the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false (Chan, 2003). It is postulated that a good treatment difference () between the 2 groups is 0.2 units with an SD (ÏÆ') of 0.5 units (Chan, 2003). With these values, the expected sample size is 68. Sixty-eight left-sided breast cancer patients will be selected for this research using a simple random sampling method. The patient population will be chosen at random to create a diverse group of patients with variable breast and heart volumes. The criteria for this sample would be female patients with left-sided breast cancer below the age of 70. In addition, the patients must be able to hold their breath. These patients will be recruited after being screened by the oncologists. The oncologists will do a simple breath-hold test with patients to determine if they are able to hold their breath for at least 20 seconds. This is because patients will be required to hold their breath during the CT scan for a duration of 18 seconds. This research will require 2 sets of computed-tomography (CT) scans from each patient of which one is at free breathing and the other at DIBH. Both sets will have identical patient setup. Patients will be lying supine with both arms above head on a posirest, having the visual goggles on (see Appendix M, image A) with a 6-reflective markers block on patient’s anterior abdominal surface (see Appendix H). With the goggles, they are able to view the screen, as seen in image B in Appendix M, in order to see their breathing patterns. For each patient, 2 treatment plans will be generated: one using the CT images at free breathing with photon electron match technique and the other using the CT images at DIBH with gated DIBH technique using RPM with 3-mm intervals. 3.3 Ethical Issues and Informed consent Any research involving human subjects conducted in the hospital would require adherence to ethical standards. The procedure requires the collation of a list of investigators in the department that intends to conduct clinical trials (see Appendix N), and to apply and attend the Singapore Guideline for Good Clinical Practice (SGGCP) course. This Course ensures that the conduct of clinical trials follows internationally acceptable ethical and scientific standards (see Appendix O). The ethics review will be carried out by the National Healthcare Group domain specific review board which is an independent committee constituted of medical, scientific and non-scientific members, whose responsibility is to ensure the protection of the rights, safety and well-being of human subjects involved in a research study by reviewing, approving and providing continuing review of research studies, and of the methods and materials to be used in obtaining and documenting informed consent of the research su bjects (National University Health System, 2010). When a principal investigator submits an application via the research online administration and management system, it is automatically routed to the department representative for endorsement, and subsequently the institution representative for endorsement, before it is delivered to the domain specific review board secretariat (National University Health System, 2010). All research studies submitted will be classified under one of the following review categories: exempt review, expedited review, full Board review (see Appendix P) (National University Health System, 2010). Based on the definitions in Appendix P, this study is classified as an expedited review. Ethics approval for research is required for several reasons. Firstly, ethical norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error (Resnik, 2011). Secondly, ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness (Resnik, 2011). For example, guidelines for authorship, copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration (Poortmans, 2013). Ethical norms in research also help to build public support for research as people are more likely to fund research project if they can trust the quality and integrity of research (Resnik, 2011). Finally, many of the norms of research promote a variety of other important moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, compliance with the law, and health and safety. This also protect the rights and welfare of participants and minimise the risk of physical and mental discomfort and harm from research procedures (Canterbury Christ Church University, 2006). Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human subjects especially if the researcher fails to abide by the regulations and guidelines relating to radiation or biological safety (Resnik, 2011). Informed consent is the process by which the patient voluntarily confirms her willingness to participate in this research, after being informed of all the aspects of the research that are relevant to her decision-making (National Healthcare Group, 2013). The informed consent is documented by means of written signatures, date informed consent form and the language used during the explanation to the patient by the oncologist. In the consent, there should be 3 signatures: the patient’s, the doctor’s and the witness’ signature. For patients who cannot read and speak English, a qualified translator will be around during the signing of the consent. 3.4 Research design and instrumentation This research is a mixture of qualitative and quantitative research methods (see Appendix Q). Quantitative research corresponds to a deductive scientific method of research which uses data in the form of numbers and statistics to test hypotheses, using a large and randomly selected sample that is a representative of the population (Pearce, et al. 2013; Johnson Christensen 2010). This is in contrast to the qualitative approach which corresponds to an inductive method of research which uses words, pictures or objects to examine a phenomenon, requiring only a small and non-randomly selected sample (Pearce, et al. 2013; Johnson Christensen 2010). Patients will be scanned using Toshiba Aquilion Large Bore CT-simulator (Toshiba, 2014). The treatment plans will be generated using Varian Medical Eclipseâ„ ¢ Treatment Planning System and patients will be treated with DIBH technique using RPM from Varian Trilogy linear accelerator (Varian Medical System, 1999-2014). 3.5 Data collection procedures The same radiation oncologist will perform all the delineation of the clinical target volume, the heart and LADCA for consistency purposes (see Appendix R). The delineation will be done according to radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) breast contouring recommendations (Goksel, et al., 2013). Patient’s CT images at breath hold will be used to plan for DIBH technique while the one at free breathing will be planned for photon electron match technique. The treatments will be planned such that the clinical target volume’s coverage of the dose distribution is kept between 90% and 110% of the prescribed dose. For each plan, heart and LADCA volumes were calculated in cm3. Dose volumes to the heart and LADCA will be normalized by dividing with the total organ volume. Heart and LADCA volumes receiving 5Gy to 50Gy (V5-V50) will be generated for comparison of treatment techniques. Dose distributions can be presented as DVHs and representing the statistical dose distribution in a volume of interest. These statistical data will be recorded and presented in tables. Patient education is a very important component in DIBH technique using RPM to reduce anxiety and increase their confidence about receiving radiation therapy (Halkett Kristjanson, 2007). Patient education tools can be in many forms such as video or pamphlet (Halkett Kristjanson, 2007). For this research, a pamphlet have been created to educate patients on DIBH technique using RPM (see Appendix S). A qualitative research method such as face-to-face interview is chosen to assess patient’s comfort and understanding at the middle of the treatment and on the last day of treatment as this only require the patients to speak the same language in which the questions are asked, and to have basic verbal and listening skills (Bowling, 2009). The primary objective of this standardised and open-ended interview (Valenzuela Shrivastava, n.d.) is to determine the degree of understanding as well as patient’s comfort. The questions (see Appendix T) will be asked by the oncologist durin g the middle of the treatment and on the last day of treatment. The advantages of face-to-face interviews are that reading and writing skills are not required, interviewers are able to probe fully for responses and clarify any ambiguities, they can ask more complicated and detailed questions, and patients are able to clarify if they do not understand the questions (Bowling, 2009). This would be a better technique than self-administered questionnaires because pre-coded response choices may not be sufficiently comprehensive and patients may be ‘forced’ to choose inappropriate pre-coded answers that might not fully represent their views (Bowling, 2009). This causes the data to be bias as the patient’s replies are influenced by the design of the pre-coded response choices. Self-administered questionnaires also assumed that the questions are worded in a way that is understood by the patients (Bowling, 2009). Patients may misinterpret the questions and reply based on their own interpretation and questionnaires may be a problem for p atients who are unable to read or write (Bowling, 2009). Most importantly, one-to-one interviews with standardised questions appeared to have the highest reliability (University of Leicester, n.d.). The radiation therapist’s workload will be measured in terms of training hours, and the comparison of treatment duration and manpower required for gated DIBH using RPM and photon electron match technique (see Appendix U) will be recorded and presented in charts. 3.6 Data analysis Paired samples t-test will be used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the average dose to the heart and LADCA values made under photon electron match plan and gated DIBH using RPM plan (Norman Streiner, 2008). This is used because the data are measured at the scale level and the data are related (Hawkins, 2009). The amount of radiation received by the heart can be recorded by comparing the DVHs of the photon electron match with gated DIBH using RPM. The statistical figures can be analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (Yavas, et al., 2012). Paired samples t-test will be used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the average dose to the heart and LADCA values made under photon electron match plan and gated DIBH using RPM plan (Easton McColl, 2014). A p-value of Patient’s understanding and comfort The questions (see Appendix T) from the standardised and open-ended interview were developed by a team of 2 radiation oncologists, a nurse and 2 radiation therapists. The areas of discussion were based on the group’s clinical experience with left-sided breast cancer patients and their extensive knowledge on DIBH using RPM. The interview aims to determine the patient’s level of comfort and understanding of the gated DIBH using RPM. The design of the questionnaire will determine the reliability and validity of the opened-ended interview to measure patient’s level of comfort and understanding. Reliability is defined as the extent to which questionnaire will produce the same results on repeated trials (Miller, n.d.), and is measured by its equivalence and stability. Equivalence reliability assesses the consistency of the judgement of the patient’s answer by the interview (Miller, n.d.). It is improved by pre-empting a range of responses that might be given by the patients and give a pre-determined rating to each response so that the interviewers will have the same level of ‘judgement’ (Miller, n.d.). For example, _____________- Stability reliability is correlated to the repeatability of the patient’s response under the same conditions after a period of time (Miller, n.d.). For this interview, the patients will be interviewed twice, once during mid-treatment and the other on the last day of their treatment. Their responses from both sessions will be compared to determine if there are any deviance. This assumes that the characteristics that is measured doesn’t change with time, and that the time period is long enough that the memories from the 1st interview will not influence the responses of the 2nd interview (Miller, n.d.). The validity of the interview is the extent to which the interview questions measures what it purport to measure, and it generally takes the form of content validity (Miller, n.d.). Content validity is the degree to which the questions fully assess or measure the intention of the interview (Miller, n.d.). This was determined by letting the team review the individual questions for readability, clarity and comprehensiveness and come to some level of agreement as to which items should be included in the final interview questions. The interview questions (see Appendix T) were reviewed and accepted by the team prior to the conduct of the interview. The treatment duration will be recorded as seen in Appendix U and a paired samples t-test similar to appendix V will be used to determine whether there is a significant difference, where the null hypothesis (H0) is there is no difference between the treatment time with photon electron match technique and DIBH using RPM technique. The radiation therapist workload will be analysed based on the minimum number of manpower required for gated DIBH using RPM as compared to photon electron match technique and in terms of training hours. This will be discussed among the radiation therapists and presented in charts. 3.7 Limitation This research can only sample from a small size due to constraint of resources where there is only 1 treatment unit that has the RPM equipment required for DIBH technique. The expected sample size calculated is only an estimate as the treatment difference and standard deviation are never known in advance (Norman Streiner, 2008). As such, the actual sample size may be slightly smaller than 68. 3.8 Expected Results The results from this research are expected to show optimal radiation exposure volumes and doses for the heart and LADCA when treated with gated DIBH using RPM compared to photon electron match technique at free breathing. These results are expected to be compatible with findings from previous studies (Pedersen, et al., 2004; Korreman, et al., 2005; Shim, et al., 2012; Mast, et al., 2013). As such, showing that patients with left sided breast cancer will benefit from gated DIBH using RPM. Treatment time duration for gated DIBH using RPM is expected to have a significant difference and be faster than photon electron match technique. As gated DIBH using RPM is new to the radiation therapists, the workload is expected to be heavier in the beginning. 3.9 Budget There will be no additional cost for this research as the RPM equipment is already available together with the linear accelerator from Varian (Varian Medical System, 1999-2014). There will be no cost for training on the usage for RPM by Varian as it was included in the package when the linear accelerators were bought in 2013. Patients recruited for this research will be charged the same cost as photon electron match treatment technique. 3.10 Expected Timeline This research aims to commence from January 2015 till December 2015. The work plan for both the principal investigator and research assistants can be seen in Appendix W. Chapter IV: Conclusion This research aims to review gated DIBH using RPM as a treatment technique for left-sided breast cancer patients as compared to photon electron match in terms of the radiation dose received by the heart and LADCA. Paired t-test is chosen to measure the significant difference between the dose received by the heart in photon electron match technique and DIBH using RPM technique. Based on literatures that were review, the results are expected to be in favour of gated DIBH using RPM. Interviews will be conducted to assess patient’s comfort and understanding about gated DIBH using RPM. And data collection will be done gauge the workload of the radiation therapist. The results from interview and data collection will allow us to gauge further if it is really practical to implement gated DIBH using RPM in our department. If the results are clinically significant and positive, gated DIBH using RPM will be implemented into our department. 4.1 Recommendation For future recommendation to try contrast-enhanced CT scan in left-sided breast patients so that the LADCA can be seen clearly in the scan and able to be delineated by the doctor effectively (Yu, et al., 2013). This is to increase the accuracy of the delineation of LADCA as well as the accurate amount of radiation dose received by it. After this research, another study can be done in the future on the reproducibility of patient’s breath holding level for every fraction using a cine acquisition mode (CAM) of a linear accelerator during treatment (Goksel, et al., 2013).

Monday, August 19, 2019

On Distant View of a Minaret Essay -- essays research papers

In â€Å"Distant View of a Minaret† by Alifa Rifaat, a lonely wife describes life with her husband as â€Å"a world from which she had been excluded† (Rifaat, 1996, p. 256). While a woman paints a picture of a seemingly mundane afternoon, a minaret viewed in the distance provides the reader with vivid symbols of the underlying resignation of expectation and desire she once had for her marriage and her husband. The very first paragraph of the story describes the wife looking at her husband through â€Å"half-closed eyes† and being only â€Å"half-aware of the movements of his body† (Rifaat, 1996, p. 256). While it seems as if the wife is simply depicting waking up from sleep and noticing her husband, immediately upon reading the second paragraph the reader is made aware that the husband and wife are actually having sex. The immediate impression that the reader gets is that this woman is not only not having her needs met and has obviously resigned herself to this type of encounter with her husband by the offhand way she talks about noticing a spider’s web on the ceiling. The bleak tone of this story takes a particularly sad and disturbing tinge when the wife illustrates a scene from early on in her marriage where she tries to get her husband to satisfy her desire and provide her with mutual satisfaction, only to have him rebuke and reprimand her. In fact, the husband responds in such a particularly brusque and hysterical manner that the reader can see how traumatized the wife would have been at ...

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Comparison Between the Sunnis and Shiites Essay -- Religion Religious

A Comparison Between the Sunnis and Shiites Have you ever wondered about other religions that are out there and why they are out there? I have and that is why I chose to write my paper on the Sunnis and Shiites. Read on to learn more about a brief history and then I will break each of them into separate religions. In books written on Islam the word "hadith" usually refers to the sayings or "traditions" which have been given from the Prophet. Muslims hold these to be the most important source of Islamic teachings after the Qur’an. A lot of books have been written in English about what the hadith means in Islam and a number of important translations have been made. Almost all the studies have been limited to the point of view of Sunni Islam and based on Sunni sources and collections. Practically no one has ever paid any attention to the different nature of the hadith literature in Shiism and the different sources from which the hadiths are recieved. The main difference to be made between Shiite and Sunni hadiths is that in Shiism the traditions are not limited to those of the Prophet, but include those of the Imams as well. I will explain more of the distinctions later on. The difference between the two religions is still hard to distinguish even with easy to understand books like the Encyclopedia of World Faiths. There, the author of the article is aware that there is some difference between Shiism and Sunnism on the question of which hadiths are included, but he thinks that it lies in the fact that the Shiite collections accept "only traditions traced through 'Ali's family." But this is incorrect, since a lot of traditions are also gotten through other sources. What the author fails to mention is that the hadith literature as understood by Shiites is not limited to the sayings of the Prophet, but includes those of the Imams as well. The most famous and reliable collections of Shiite hadiths are four books. These books relate to the Six Correct Collections in Sunni Islam. These are al-Kafi fi 'ilm al-din (The Sufficient in the Knowledge of Religion) by Thiqat al-Islam Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (d. 329/940), Man la yahduruhu al-faqih (For him not in the Presence of Jurisprudent) of Shaykh al-Saduq Muhammad ibn Babuyah al-Qummi (d. 381/991), Tahdhib al-ahkam (Rectification of the Statutes) by Shaykh al-Ta'ifah Muhammad al-Tusi (d. 460/ 1068) a... ...egarding the holding of spiritual and political authority remained strong even after the end of the Caliphate itself in the 13th century. The Sunnites’ strongest belief has an emphasis on the views and customs of the majority of the community, as distinguished from the views of other groups. The Sunnites compromised by allowing the other groups to bring their beliefs and customs that had nothing to do with the Qur’an. The Sunnites recognize the six "authentic" books of the Hadith, which contain the spoken tradition attributed to Muhammad. In the 20th century the Sunnites constituted the majority of Muslims in all nations except Iran, Iraq, and perhaps Yemen. They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and made up nine-tenths of all the followers of Islam. In conclusion I would like to comment on a couple of things. First of all the Shiism makes up 10 percent and Sunnism makes up the other 90 percent of the Muslim religion. Second of all the Shiites and Sunnis both are closely related, but have many differences. The two religions are both very complicated and difficult to understand. I hope after reading this paper you have learned a little more about both.

Biology Essay -- essays research papers

Lab Report 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Principles of Biology 1(BIOL 100) Fall 2001  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gerard Chretien  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Living cells perform a multitude of chemical reactions very rapidly because of the participation of enzymes. Enzymes are biological catalysts, compounds that speed up a chemical reaction without being used up or altered in the reaction. The material with which the catalysts reacts, called the substrate, is modified during the reaction to form a new product. But because the enzyme itself emerges from the reaction unchanged and ready to bind with another substrate molecule, a small amount of enzyme can alter a relatively enormous amount of substrate. This report will illustrate the enzymatic action of the enzyme catecholase, which is common in plants. To study this particular enzyme in a laboratory, the natural substrate catechol is oxidized by the removal of two hydrogen atoms. The substrates of the enzyme are catechol and oxygen. These substates react with one another within the active site of the enzyme. The products formed by this reaction are benzoquinone has a brown color, you can see that the reaction has taken place. This is called the fruit browning reaction. Benzoquinone inhibits the growth of microorganisms and prevents damaged fruit from rotting. In undamaged cells catecholase is stored in vesicles and does not interact with catechol.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the presence of the enzyme catecholase:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Catechol+1/2O2 benzoquinone+H2O The structure of the enzyme is mainly dependent on the active site and variable groups. Extreme temperatures or extreme pHs can alter the structure of an enzyme. Enzymes function to lower the activation energy to break the bonds. They achieve this by putting stress and pressure on the bonds or creating a microenvironment for the substrate. A change in the temperature or a fluctuation in pH can alter... ... questions and test answers. The method has five stages: 1. Making observation. 2. Asking questions. 3. Forming hypotheses, or tentative answers to the questions. 4. Making predictions based on the hypotheses. 5. Testing the predictions by making additional observations or conducting experiments. The information gained may support or yield opposite results based on predictions being tested. My independent variable would be time and the dependent one would be the enzyme pectinase. I believe the key feature of my experimentation is the control of most factors so that the influence of a single factor can be seen clearly. The setting would take place within a laboratory, equipped with various components such as tubes, microscope and other related equipment. I would try to investigate the physical properties of pectin such as molecular weight, molecular conformation and aggregation of pectin molecules in the solution. In regards to the pulpiness of the applesauce, I would use the pectin as a emulsifier and stabilizer. This procedure would reduce the pulp of the applesauce considerably without making the solution too watery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Forms, Symptoms And Factors Of Breast Cancer

Breast malignant neoplastic disease is a disease in which the tissues of the chest signifier malignant malignant neoplastic disease cells. Normally the tubing which carry the milk to the mammilla ( canals ) and secretory organ ( lobules ) . It is common in both work forces and adult females ; male chest malignant neoplastic disease is rare although, it is considered a heterogenous disease differing by single, age group, and even the sorts of cells within the tumor themselves.Types of Breast Cancers:Ductal Carcinoma: it is the non-invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease, which starts in the cell line of the chest ‘s canals, beneath the mammilla and areola. The canals supply milk to the mammilla. Between 85 % and 90 % of all chest malignant neoplastic diseases are ductal. Lobular Carcinoma: it begins in the lobes, or secretory organs which produce milk in the chest. These are located inside the chest, under the canals. About 8 % of chest malignant neoplastic diseases are lobular Inflammatory Breast Cancer: It is the least common, rapid signifier of chest malignant neoplastic disease, which can be progress about 1 % to 3 % to name. This chest will appears conceited and inflamed it causes by redness by taking the signifier of sheets or nests. It can get down in the soft tissues of the chest under the tegument, or it can look in the tegument Paget ‘s disease of the nipple/areola: this malignant neoplastic disease appears as skin roseola on the mammilla or unsmooth tegument. It can be resembles as itchy. The marks of rubing and may be under the surface of the tegument. This will bespeak a little Ductal carcinoma in suit ( DCIS )Phases of Breast Cancer:Phase 0: is sometimes used to depict unnatural cells that are non invasive malignant neoplastic disease. For illustration, Stage 0 is used for Ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS ) . DCIS is diagnosed when unnatural cells are in the liner of a chest canal, but the unnatural cells have non invaded nearby breast tissue or spread outside the canal. Although many physicians do n't see DCIS to be malignant neoplastic disease, DCIS sometimes becomes invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease if non treated. Phase I: is an early phase of invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease. Cancer cells have invaded chest tissue beyond where the malignant neoplastic disease started, but the cells have non spread beyond the chest. The tumour is no more than 2 centimeters ( three-fourthss of an inch ) across. Phase Two: is one of the followers: The tumour is no more than 2 centimeters across. The malignant neoplastic disease has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The tumour is between 2 and 5 centimeters The malignant neoplastic disease has non spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The tumour is larger than 5 centimeters.The malignant neoplastic disease has non spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. Phase Three: is locally advanced malignant neoplastic disease. It is divided into Phase III A: Breast Cancer-the tumour is larger than two centimeters but smaller than five centimeters ( about one to two inches ) and has spread to up to nine subsidiary underhand lymph nodes. Phase III B: Breast Cancer- the malignant neoplastic disease has spread to tissues near the chest including the tegument, chest wall, ribs, musculuss, or lymph nodes in the chest wall or above the clavicle. Phase Four: is distant metastatic malignant neoplastic disease. The malignant neoplastic disease has spread to other parts of the organic structure, such as the castanetss or liver.Incidence:How common is breast malignant neoplastic disease:As per the study in 2007, 45,700 adult females were victim of the chest malignant neoplastic disease. While in the same twelvemonth the work forces count goes to 277 were diagnosed. Incidence rate of chest malignant neoplastic disease in females around by 50 % over the last 20 five. Out of 10 eight of adult females 50 old ages of age were enduring from chest malignant neoplastic disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease rates have increased up to 5 % in last 10 old ages. National Health Service ( NHS ) testing programmes were conducted in that more than 16,000 instances found in UK in 2007/2008. Among that NHS testing programme claim to salvage 1,000 lives each twelvemonth. Throughout the universe around 1.38 million adult females were diagnosed with the chest malignant neoplastic disease. Incidence rate of chest malignant neoplastic disease were extremely considerable in western in Europe, as per low rates considerable in Africa and Asia Europeans brotherhood shows breast malignant neoplastic disease were diagnosed around 332,000 in the twelvemonth of 2008. 12,000 adult females and 70 work forces were died from chest malignant neoplastic disease in 2008 in the UK. More than half of 70 old ages of age are died from chest malignant neoplastic disease. Worldwide 458,000 adult females are died from chest malignant neoplastic disease in 2008. It is the 2nd most common cause of decease of adult females after lung malignant neoplastic disease. In Europe brotherhood around 89,000 died from chest malignant neoplastic disease in 2008.Signs and Symptoms:Early chest malignant neoplastic disease normally does n't do symptoms but as the tumor grows, it can alter how the chest looks or feels. The common alterations include: †¢ A ball or thickener in or near the chest or in the underhand country †¢ A alteration in the size or form of the chest †¢ Dimpling or rumpling in the tegument of the chest †¢ A mammilla turned inward into the chest †¢ Discharge ( fluid ) from the mammilla, particularly if it ‘s bloody Most symptoms of chest upset do non turn out to stand for implicit in chest malignant neoplastic disease. Benign chest diseases such as mastitis and fibro adenoma of the chest are more common causes of chest upset symptoms. The visual aspect of a new symptom should be taken earnestly by both patients and their physicians, because of the possibility of an implicit in chest malignant neoplastic disease at about any age.Hazard Factors:Many of the most of import hazard factors for chest malignant neoplastic disease are beyond your control, such as age, household history, and medical history. However, there are some hazard factors you can command, such as weight, physical activity, and intoxicant ingestion. Age: The opportunity of acquiring chest malignant neoplastic disease increases as you get older. Most adult females are 60+ old ages old when they are diagnosed. Personal wellness history: Having chest malignant neoplastic disease in one chest increases your hazard of acquiring malignant neoplastic disease in your other chest. Besides, holding certain types of unnatural chest cells ( untypical hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ [ LCIS ] , or Ductal carcinoma in situ [ DCIS ] ) increases the hazard of invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease. These conditions are found with a chest biopsy. Family wellness history: Your hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease is higher if your female parent, male parent, sister, or girl had breast malignant neoplastic disease. The hazard is even higher if your household member had breast malignant neoplastic disease before age 50. Having other relations ( in either your female parent ‘s or male parent ‘s household ) with chest malignant neoplastic disease or ovarian malignant neoplastic disease may besides increase your hazard.Hazard factors you can command:Weight: Being overweight is associated with increased hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease, particularly for adult females after climacteric. Fat tissue is the organic structure ‘s chief beginning of estrogens after climacteric, when the ovaries stop bring forthing the endocrine. Having more fat tissue means holding higher estrogens degrees, which can increase chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard. Exercise: Evidence is turning that exercising can cut down chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard. The American Cancer Society recommends prosecuting in 45-60 proceedingss of physical exercising 5 or more yearss a hebdomad. Alcohol ingestion: Surveies have shown that chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard additions with the sum of intoxicant a adult female drinks. Alcohol can restrict your liver ‘s ability to command blood degrees of the endocrine estrogens, which in bend can increase hazard. Smoke: Smoke is associated with a little addition in chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard.Treatment:Womans enduring with chest malignant neoplastic disease have many types of intervention options. The intervention options are best for one adult female may non be best for another. The intervention options are: Surgery Radiation therapy Hormone therapy Chemotherapy Targeted therapy Among this Surgery and radiation therapy are types of local therapy. They remove or destroy malignant neoplastic disease in the chest. Hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy are types of systemic therapy. The drug enters in to bloodstream and destruct or controls malignant neoplastic disease throughout the organic structure. The intervention that ‘s right for you depends chiefly on the phase of the malignant neoplastic disease, the consequences of the endocrine receptor trials, the consequence of the HER2/neu trial, and your general wellness.SurgeryPresents Surgery is the most common intervention for chest malignant neoplastic disease. It consist of 2 types Breast-sparing surgery: This type of surgery is to take the malignant neoplastic disease but non the chest. It besides called breast-conserving surgery. It can be a lumpectomy or a segmental mastectomy. Sometimes an excisional biopsy is the lone surgery a adult female needs because the sawbones removed the whole ball. Mastectomy: This type of surgery is to take the full chest ( or ) as much of the chest tissue as possible. In some instances, a skin-sparing mastectomy may be an option. Approach the sawbones removes every bit small tegument as possible. The sawbones normally removes one or more lymph nodes from under the arm to look into for malignant neoplastic disease cells. If malignant neoplastic disease cells are found in the lymph nodes, other malignant neoplastic disease interventions will be needed. ( For more about information about lymph node biopsy, you may take to hold breast Reconstruction. This is fictile surgery to reconstruct the form of the chest. It may be done at the same clip as the malignant neoplastic disease surgery or subsequently. In breast-sparing surgery, the sawbones removes the malignant neoplastic disease in the chest and some normal tissue around it.Radiation TherapyIt besides called as radiation therapy it can be used to kill high-energy beams of malignant neoplastic disease cells. It affects cells merely in the portion of the organic structure that is treated. These are 2 types External radiation therapy: in this therapy radiation comes from a big machine outside the organic structure. A intervention is normally 5 yearss a hebdomad for 4 to 6 hebdomads. External radiation is the most common type used for chest malignant neoplastic disease. Internal radiation therapy: ( implant radiation therapy or brachytherapy ) . The physician places one or more thin tubings inside the chest through a bantam scratch. A radioactive substance is loaded into the tubing. The intervention session may last for a few proceedingss, and the substance is removed. When it ‘s removed, no radiation remains in your organic structure. Side effects chiefly depend on the dosage and type of radiation. It ‘s common for the tegument in the treated country to go ruddy, dry, stamp, and itchy. Your chest may experience heavy and tight. Internal radiation therapy may do your chest expression red or bruised Hormone Therapy: It may besides name anti-hormone intervention. If laboratory trials show that the tumour in your chest has hormone receptors, so hormone therapy may be an option. Hormone therapy supports malignant neoplastic disease cells from acquiring or utilizing the natural endocrines ( estrogen and Lipo-Lutin ) they need to turn. Chemotherapy: In Chemotherapy we have to utilizations drugs to kill malignant neoplastic disease cells. The drugs that are treated in chest malignant neoplastic disease are normally given through a vena ( endovenous ) . The side effects depend chiefly on which drugs are given and how much. Chemotherapy kills aggressive malignant neoplastic disease cells, but the drugs can besides harm normal cells that divide quickly. They are blood cells, cell in hair roots, cells in the digestive path. Targeted Therapy: In Some adult females with breast malignant neoplastic disease may have drugs called targeted therapy. These drugs can barricade the growing of chest malignant neoplastic disease cells. For illustration, targeted therapy may barricade the action of an unnatural protein which stimulates the growing of chest malignant neoplastic disease cells. Class Action ExamplesSERMs ( selective estrogen-receptor modulators )Bind to estrogen receptors in chest malignant neoplastic disease cells, hungering malignant neoplastic disease cells Estrogen antagonist Evista ( raloxifene ) Fareston ( toremifene )Aromatase inhibitorsIt stops the production of estrogen in adrenal secretory organ Armasin ( exemestane ) Femera ( cletrozole ) Arimidex ( ahastrozole )Biologic response qualifierIt binds the protein on chest malignant neoplastic disease cells and prevents their growing Herceptin ( megestrol ) Other hormonal therapies Breast malignant neoplastic disease dependant on estrogen for endurance treated on other hormonal therapy zoladex ( goserelin ethanoate ) Faslodex ( fulvestrant )