In light of initiatives to promote improved regulation at a local Essay

In light of initiatives to promote improved regulation at a local level, critically evaluate the role of food industry self regulation in the future - Essay Example The political parties are actively taking part to propose changes in the UK’s Food Safety Enforcement to protect the consumers and to ensure the compliance of the companies to the effective enforcement system (Jukes, 1993). Although a number of key reforms were made in UK’s food safety regulatory structure in 2002 however, most of these reforms dealt with the changes in the central government arrangement for hygienic and safe food rather than local enforcement. In this report, the self regulation of food industry in the context of its role in future has been discussed. The degree to which an organisation is responsible to manage risks depends on the nature of business. However, in a food industry, the responsibility of the organisation increases because the user of the product manufactured by the food company is at risk. Therefore, the self regulation of food industry is highly encouraged nowadays as compared to other industries. Industry self-regulation is a process that involves an industry – level organisation setting rules and standards with regard to the conduct of firms within the respective industry, (Gunningham and Rees, 1997). In other words, the industry associations or the companies should come up with the policies and minimum standards to avoid risk. In 2002, when the reforms in food safety enforcement of UK were made, the local enforcement remained untouched because it was being considered that state was responsible to ensure the minimum standards and the role of the individual businesses was overlooked. However, nowadays, it is being considered as the responsibility of both the state and the individual companies to determine how the risk can be managed and because of this reason the self regulation of UK food industry has increased. In short, government regulation and self-regulation are not mutually exclusive but rather a part of a continuum or put differently, complementary

Occular Visit in Barangay San Miguel Essay Example for Free

Occular Visit in Barangay San Miguel Essay I noticed that there are plenty of different shops in the area. It is a good aspect having plenty of shops because that means that the people will never run out of choices just in case they need to buy their needs. There are plenty of shops, that is why I noticed plenty of people too. Another positive aspect about the barangay is that I noticed plenty of uniformed men and women roaming the area. They are obviously the† kagawads† or â€Å"tanods† in the barangay. They are doing their job in monitoring the people’s business so that they can respond to their needs. We later went inside the Barangay Hall. I felt secure inside the place because I noticed the guards taking a good lookout of the area. But when we went inside, the barangay captain was unfortunately not there. So the other officials were the ones who took care of our agenda with them. The first thing that I did not like about the barangay is the litter scattered around the streets. I also did not like the environment because there are plenty of suspicious looking individuals around that made me feel uncomfortable. After our agenda with the barangay officials, we learned that we could use the basketball court beside the barangay hall for our desired community service. We went to the court to take a look at it. I noticed plenty of children playing. So I thought that we should make a get together party for the children in the area. For me, it is a good idea because the children will get to make friends with their fellow youth in the area. Maybe because of the get together activity, they will get united as they grow up to be adults. And of course, when they grow close with each other, their children will also get close. I would liketo see a united community of friends, that is why I propose that kind of activity for the children.

Essay --

I, Alexander III, was born the son of a great warrior, King Phillip II of Macedonia and a Olympia’s, daughter of King Neoptolemus I of Epirus. I was born on the 20th day of July in the year 356 BC in Pella Greece. I spend most of my childhood in Pella’s royal court. I hardly ever saw my father because he spend most of his time in military campaigns or with one of his may other women, besides my mother. On the other hand, mother, was always there for me, even when I did not ask for her presence. From a young age mother and father wanted the best for me, even if I times I didn’t see it. Both my parents influence me to become what I am today. To them my education was extremely important. First, Leonidas tutored me; he was a very stern man. Of course, me being the free spirited young lad that I was might have contributed to the way he treated me, non-the-less. I do have to admit that Leonidas did help develop my physical endurance; his harsh schooling was the foundation for my physical hardiness and endurance. My father was not completely satisfied with Leonidas’s ways, so he saw to it that I would no longer be taught by force but rather by persuasion. Consequently, at the age of 13, in the year 342, Aristotle was assigned control over my education. He was a master of science and my father thought he would be the best for me. Indeed it was one of the best decision my father made for me, being that he hardly had time for me. With Aristotle my passionate love of Greek culture came to be; he made me entirely Greek in intellect. Aristotle was an inspiration for me then and continues to be now as I write this. Being around all these extremely intelligent individuals and hearing stories about the victories that great military general acc... ...h my father and Alexander. As Alexander and I took our seats and allowed my father to walk to his throne to sit, Pausanias rushed upon him and drove a blade between his ribs. My father dropped dead and Pausanias was killed while trying to escape. After this I was rushed to the palace and declared king. As delighted as I was I could not forget what had just happened. How could Pausanias, my father’s chief bodyguard and friend do this? Within a matter of seconds I understood what had occurred. Mother had encouraged Pausanias to commit this horrendous crime. My mother had accomplished what she set out to do, she had killed King Phillip II and made me King Alexander III. Later, she confessed to me all she had done, as king I could have had her executed, but I could not do such I thing. I loved my mother and she did it for my benefit. I’ve kept her secret till this day.

Thrre Things Wrong with the World :: social issues

Thrre Things Wrong with the World The first thing I would have to say that is wrong with the world is definitely the drug problem. I mean, it seems that most of the war, famine, & disease that are running rampant through our lives are initially from drugs. For instance, you get a hit of crank from a friend who used the needle on herself & then WHAM, you've got AIDS & never even knew it could happen. Another example would be the wars. In Cuba, there are drug wars going on now that inadvertently have caused many people to die, be left homeless, or even without food or water. So, that would definitely be my first & foremost idea on what's wrong with the world today. The next thing on my list would have to be AIDS itself. Mostly, this is a big problem because there is no cure & many people get this disease every day. Granted, it isn’t always contracted by a needle, but other ways, such as intercourse without protection, are effective in contracting this disease as well. The only real way to prevent this disease would have to be never to share a needle (if you’re doing something stupid enough as doing drugs in the first place), & never have sex. That would have to be the only 100% way not to get this disease, besides knowing your partner is not HIV positive. That is why this disease is affecting so many people. It’s because they don’t realize that they can get it just by doing one of the above mentioned activities, as well as some others I can’t think of. That, & many other reasons, is why AIDS is my number two in my list of three things. My final thing I believe that is wrong with the world would have to be our government. Yes, I said it, OUR GOVERNMENT. It is not as if I am Anti-American, I love my country, but there has to be some sort of line between helping other nations & trying to control other nations. I believe we have not only crossed that line, but have gone so far as to cross several more after it. Take the war on Iraq, for example. Initially, I was all for getting rid of Saddam Hussein & helping the Iraqi people become free & independent. But, now as I think about it more & more, I wonder why we're are still over there fighting & killing those people if they say that we have ridded ourselves of that nuisance already?

Dogs as Pets

Dogs, simply put, are man’s best friend. These fantastic creatures are extremely loving and undeniably loyal. Both dogs and humans are happier if we are around each other. A great deal of dog owners make their dogs a significant part of their family. Having a dog in your life awards you with numerous benefits. Dogs provide their owners with companionship and relief from loneliness, mental health benefits, physical health benefits and exercise options, built in home security, pleasure in knowing you’re caring for a living creature, and complete unconditional love. Companionship is probably the number one reason people adopt a dog. You know when you come home everyday you will always have a happy soul there to greet you. Whether you need someone to accompany you on a ride in the car, if you’re craving a little cuddling in your bed or company on the couch watching television your dog will always be there for you. When you own a dog you are never alone. In fact, just walking from room to room in your home you’ll be followed. When human beings disappoint you and you feel as you have no one you can spend time with you can always count on your canine. The loyalty of dogs is amazing and they always want to be by your side. There are many other benefits to owning a dog but for sure your dog will become your side kick. Dog ownership can have a very concrete effect on your mental and emotional well being. Just the fact that with a dog you never feel alone is totally beneficial to your mental state. Being alone can often lead to depression, and owning a dog can cure or reduce those feelings. It is reported that dogs elevate serotonin and dopamine levels in the brain which control pleasure and calming feelings. With these feelings comes a happier existence and lower stress levels. Besides the mental health benefits, having a low stress life can lead to physical benefits as well. Dogs can also be profitable to your physical body. Many studies show that dog owners have lower levels of cholesterol. Other studies reveal people who own dogs have lower blood pressure levels than someone that does not own a dog. Possibly this could be do to dog’s stress reducing capabilities. Also, studies have shown that people who own dogs have lower levels of anxiety during stressful situations than pet free people. Another added plus to owning a dog is a reason to exercise. If you are a responsible owner walking your dog is a necessity. While exercising your dog you are also exercising yourself, which is obviously beneficial. For many years people have studied the physical influence dogs have over people. All studies conclude that dog ownership has solid and substantial impact on the human body. Besides biological benefits, home security is another factor dogs play a part in. A dog can hear things that we as humans cannot hear. Anyone who owns a dog knows that no one or nothing can get five feet from their house without their dog alerting them to that fact. If a potential burglar is considering your home for a break in and they hear a dog barking, they will most definitely not go through with it. While a professional alarm system is subject to electrical and programming failures, a dog’s innate sense to protect their territory will never fail. A dog’s need to defend their home and owners is an integral part of their being. Owning a dog can make you sleep good at night and you can always rely on this failure safe means of security. People need security for their homes, but also need security for their souls. It is possible that human beings have a distinct need to care for living beings. Especially people without children, a dog can be like a son or daughter to its owner. Providing for and taking care of something that completely depends on you can create great comfort. Owning a dog can give someone great purpose and meaning in their life. In payment for taking care of your dog, he will give you complete unconditional love. No matter what your circumstances are your dog will always love you to the bitter end. Their love for you is automatic and definite. From the moment you pick them up and decide they are to become yours, they love you. As our life goes on our needs constantly evolve and change. However, love is something we need from the moment we are born until the die we die. And dogs will provide you much love as though that is their purpose on this earth. Dogs award human beings with many things. You will always have a friend you can count on. While human friends may come and go, your canine buddy will stand by your side forever. With this constant companionship comes a new mental state. Dog ownership can help you overcome depression, anxiety and stressful situations. While your mind is being soothed, your physical body can be assisted as well. By committing to physical exercise with your canine companion, you are living a healthier lifestyle. With added benefits of lower cholesterol and lower blood pressure, owning a dog can make your quality of life much better. The fact that your home is more secure because your dog will be protecting it will give anyone peace. Great purpose can be felt knowing your dog is completely relying on you. Just the feeling of total love your dog bestows on you will make your world a happier place. A dog can make your life complete. One cannot completely understand this statement if they don’t own a dog. A dog can and will make your life fuller, happier, safer, meaningful, and full of love. No wonder they call them man’s best friend.

Free Essays on Trung Sisters

During the 1,000 years under Chinese control, the Vietnamese people engaged in a continual struggle against their ruler. In 3 BC, a large amount of Chinese mandarins invaded Nam Viet, taking over land and farms previously owned by Vietnamese people. The Chinese also made demands to the Viet people in the form of high tributary payments. They monopolized the production of salt and iron for their personal gains. They also forced assimilation of its culture throughout the population. Various members of the Vietnamese aristocracy often led the struggles. The skirmishes between the Chinese authority and Vietnamese people occurred mainly in the outer Tonking provinces. Two women, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi, led one of these uprisings in 39 AD. In 36 AD, Su Ting (To Dinh) replaced Tich Quang, as governor of Giao Chi was significantly dishonest and greedy. In "Dong Quan Han Ky", the author wrote: "His eyes widened at the sight of money." These Hans demanded bribes, levied unreasonable taxation on salt and handicraft products. They also taxed the local people for fishing from the rivers. They oppressed the Vietnamese people, their children and families. Both the peasant and Au Lac gentry’s classes deeply resented the colonialist government. King Hung Vuong came from Me-linh (present time, Ha Tay Vinh Phu provinces). Although he worked for the Hans, he continued to maintain his personal affection for his country people. It was due to his patriotism that he gained the love and trust of the common people. His wife, Man Thien was equally committed to the same affection and purpose towards the people. They had two daughters, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi. These young women grew up witnessing the cruel Chinese treatment of the Vietnamese people. Their compassion for the people fueled their deep-seated hatred of the Chinese. They spent their time studying the art of warfare, weaponry and fighting skills. Chu Dien, located next to the town of Me-linh... Free Essays on Trung Sisters Free Essays on Trung Sisters During the 1,000 years under Chinese control, the Vietnamese people engaged in a continual struggle against their ruler. In 3 BC, a large amount of Chinese mandarins invaded Nam Viet, taking over land and farms previously owned by Vietnamese people. The Chinese also made demands to the Viet people in the form of high tributary payments. They monopolized the production of salt and iron for their personal gains. They also forced assimilation of its culture throughout the population. Various members of the Vietnamese aristocracy often led the struggles. The skirmishes between the Chinese authority and Vietnamese people occurred mainly in the outer Tonking provinces. Two women, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi, led one of these uprisings in 39 AD. In 36 AD, Su Ting (To Dinh) replaced Tich Quang, as governor of Giao Chi was significantly dishonest and greedy. In "Dong Quan Han Ky", the author wrote: "His eyes widened at the sight of money." These Hans demanded bribes, levied unreasonable taxation on salt and handicraft products. They also taxed the local people for fishing from the rivers. They oppressed the Vietnamese people, their children and families. Both the peasant and Au Lac gentry’s classes deeply resented the colonialist government. King Hung Vuong came from Me-linh (present time, Ha Tay Vinh Phu provinces). Although he worked for the Hans, he continued to maintain his personal affection for his country people. It was due to his patriotism that he gained the love and trust of the common people. His wife, Man Thien was equally committed to the same affection and purpose towards the people. They had two daughters, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi. These young women grew up witnessing the cruel Chinese treatment of the Vietnamese people. Their compassion for the people fueled their deep-seated hatred of the Chinese. They spent their time studying the art of warfare, weaponry and fighting skills. Chu Dien, located next to the town of Me-linh...

Marilyn Manson Essays - Marilyn Manson, Manson Family, Free Essays

Marilyn Manson Essays - Marilyn Manson, Manson Family, Free Essays Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson is a name that one hears everywhere they go. Today's media is constantly reporting on Marilyn Manson's controversial looks, shows, and religious beliefs. Manson's controversial nature has gained him much infamousy in the media world today. Many people believe that Marilyn Manson is strange, considering he wears various women's clothing, heavy makeup, and loads of large jewelry. Many oppose his shows, because of reports of Satanic rituals, bodily harm inflicted on himself and on others, and sexual acts performed on stage. On top of that, one of the biggest groups of those who are not partial to Marilyn Manson is the Christian Church. The Church feels that Manson is an extremely bad influence on Christians and other religious groups because he belongs to and is a minister of the Church of Satan, which was formed in 1966 by Anton Szandzer LaVey. Those who support Marilyn Manson claim that he encourages them to stand up for themselves and their rights according to the First Amendment. They view him as highly superior, and anyone who views anyone else in such a way can only extract the positives from the experience. Not everyone who is a Manson fan is anti-Christian as a matter of fact, Manson has many Christian fans. Listening to Marilyn Manson can not transform a person into an evil being. It is the listener's choice as to whether or not he wants to live a certain way. True, Manson's concerts are not the most timid events in the world, and certainly these concerts are not for some people. Those who are very religious or patriotic may be offended by Manson's actions, but those who view it as just an act and those who like the music will definitely enjoy the show. Going to a Marilyn Manson concert will not make someone a bad person, or a Satanist. Like any other event out there, it is strictly for entertainment purposes only and although it may be a very shocking experience, no one is being horribly harmed by attending. Marilyn Manson opposers have filed numerous reports and affidavits against him and his concerts. These reports have been widely spread across the media, leading people to believe statements which were later proven to be falsified. Counterfeit affidavits were created, published, and sent to various media sources. Certain statements included in these reports were ones such as these from an Oklahoma male: When the band took the stage the female guitar player came out naked except for very thin see through panties...Manson brought a dog out on stage and had intercourse with it. The band askedthe crowd to get on the floor and have sex. I heard them talk to the crowd about doing rape on young girls and boys; Drugs were constantly being passed out from the front to the back;I saw band members have real and simulated sex with each other. During a Satanic Church Service Manson talked about killinganimals as a sacrifice, preached from the Satanic Bible and gavean invitation to accept Satan as Lord by coming forward to an altar;I witnessed sexual intercourse and sexual activity by people in the concert, not just on the stage, and I saw more than two dozen peoplebeing taken out of the concert because of injury (Manson and Strauss 246). Another falsified affidavit from another Oklahoma male claims:Manson will come out on stage dragging a big bag...I have witnessed Manson pull out small chickens, several puppies and kittens out ofthe bag and throw them into the audience. These are live animals...Manson will then tell the audience to make a sacrifice to the musicand he will not start the show until all the animals are dead; I witnessed the crowd ripping the animals apart, pulling body parts off the torso of the animals. They would bleed to death or be smashed into the ground; Manson has a team he calls his private Santa Clauses. They come atthe crowd from the sides and throw out bags of pot and cocaine throughout the entire audience front to back; Manson always exposes himself in each concert and the female is always nude in every concert; I witnessed Marilyn Manson bring a little boy up on stage who was celebrating his tenth birthday. Manson sang Happy Birthday

General Procedures for Elementary Classrooms

General Procedures for Elementary Classrooms The key to a well-managed organized classroom, is to create effective classroom procedures and routines. By implementing procedures, students will understand what is expected of them throughout the day. Once these are established, the number of behavior problems and classroom interruptions will be greatly reduced. Here is a list of general procedures and routines to teach in the classroom. Feel free to modify or adapt this list depending upon grade level and individual preference. Beginning the Day When entering the classroom, first put away your coat, book-bag, snack and lunch. Then turn your homework in the homework basket, place your attendance tag in the appropriate spot on the lunch count board and start you morning seat-work. Entering and Leaving the Room Enter and exit the classroom quietly. If you are coming in late or leaving early, do not disturb the other students. This procedure will be used for all situations throughout the school day. Lunch Count/Attendance Find your name and move your attendance tag to the correct column. If you brought lunch, place your tag under the bringing column. If you are buying lunch place your tag under the buying column. Using the Restroom (Younger students) You can get up and use the restroom freely as long as the teacher is not in the middle of teaching a lesson. (Older students) One student at a time my use the lavatory pass. They must return with the pass within three minutes or they will lose the privilege of going to the lavatory freely. Fire Drill When you hear the alarm, stop what you are doing, leave everything, and quietly walk directly to the door. The first person takes the fire drill packet while the second person holds the door open for the rest of the class. The last student closes the door and gets into line. Once outside, everyone is expected to stand quietly and wait for the announcement to come back into the building. Lining Up Wait until you or your row is called, then quietly stand up, push in your chair, and line up facing forward. Bring all the necessary items you may need with you. Ending the Day Clear off your desk, place papers to go home in your homework folder and wait to be called. Once you are called then gather your belongings, stack your chair, quietly sit on the carpet and wait to be dismissed. Additional Procedures: AnnouncementsClassroom jobsParticipating in group lessonsThrowing away trashGetting a tissuePledge of AllegianceClassroom visitorsSignals for attentionHelping other studentsWhen to use the pencil sharpenerWhen to use the drinking fountainHanding in homeworkCaring for classroom suppliesHandling classroom equipmentGetting ready for lunch or specialsChanging classesPassing out papersAsking questionsSnack timeParticipating in learning centersGoing to the nurse Additional Things to Consider Here are four additional things to consider when implementing your classroom procedures. Take time to practice It may take students several weeks to learn the various procedures that are expected of them. Take the time to practice over and over again until they understand. Once they understand what is expected, then you will have more time to teach. Make procedures simple For younger students, make them easy to follow. The more complicated they get, the longer it will take for the students to understand them. Make procedures visible Only post the most important procedures you want the students to follow. Leave the easy ones, like walking in the hallway and going to lunch from memory. Be Specific When teaching a procedure to the class, make sure you are specific and list your expectations exactly how you want the students to follow them.

2101W Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

2101W Assignment 2 - Essay Example The medieval age of the Germany was significantly influenced by two different principles, individualism and universalism (Leyser 30-256). The then economic reforms and political regimes had also played vital roles in the development of the modern German society. Notably, it was during the years 1046 to 1057 that Germany witnessed the rise of one after another revolutionary popes including Pope Clement II, Pope Dumasus II, Pope Leo IX, Pope Victor II and Pope Stephen IX (Jeep 500). During the medieval age of Germany, struggles became apparently identifiable between the then established German Empire and the reforming Catholic Churches who wished to strengthen their control on the political and economic structures of the nation. It was during in 1024 that Duke Conrad II, the first of the Salian dynasty was crowned as the king of the Germans. Historical testaments affirm that during the sovereignty of Conrad II’s son Henry III (1039 to 1056), the empire fully supported the Cluniac reforms, which continued from 910. Another vital change was observed in the political structure of Germany during this period, which had drastic effects on the economic growth of the nation in the later period of the 14th and the 15th centuries. Before 1056, i.e. before the reign of Henry IV, German churches, representing the papal authority was dominated by the emperors in the nation. However, with the advent of Cluniac reforms, monasteries were being reformed, where monastic h ouses were being transferred under the direct leadership of papacy from being placed under the feudal control. The conflict taking place between the Popes and German states further gave rise to the Investiture Controversy which lasted till 1122. This ultimately increased the complexities in the legal environment of Germany, which further augmented the discrepancies within trade relations of German empires and also with international market, as traders now had

Cloning Devices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cloning Devices - Research Paper Example In this scenario, IBM compatible computers can be considered as an excellent example of computer cloning for the reason that they are a clones of IBM's original machines. In addition, the Compaq portable is known as the first IBM clone (TechTerms, 2013; Computer Hope, 2013). The history of the "cloning" can be traced back to mid-1980s when it was first used to define Windows-based or DOS (disk operating system) computers developed by organizations other than IBM. In this scenario, the machines developed by the third parties were referred to as "IBM compatible" or "IBM clones," computers. The reason for using the term clone to describe these computers was that these computers worked accurately in the same way as the ones developed by IBM Corporation. In fact, these machines ran the same software and used the same hardware as was used in their original versions. Additionally, PC clones are still useful and are built frequently. In addition, now the trend of making clones has attained t o an extensive growth and more than dozens of development firms have already working in this domain. For instance, some of the well-known firms such as Dell, HP, Gateway, Sony and Compaq as well as many other manufacturers all make Windows-based computers. In fact, the trend of using clones has also increased to a huge extent. For instance, PCs (personal computers) are actually used to refer to the IBM clones. Up till now, the concept of cloning was used in the context of hardware however the term "clone" can also be utilized to express software that is built for the same purpose as another more typical software program. In fact, the term cloning can be used for a variety of types such as electronic devices excluding computers that work similar to other electronics (TechTerms, 2013; The SCO Group, Inc., 2004). The research has shown that the development of a clone provides a variety of advantages. Some of the common uses of cloning are outlined below: Reinstatement of computer after a crash Without a doubt, a clone of boot drive is believed to be a critical tool for retrieval from a state that occurs due to a system crash or failure. If a person or a company does not develop a clone, then the recovery from a system crash or failure can take a lot of time (i.e. from a few hours to a few weeks), even though they have implemented a proper back up plan. Basically, the development of a bootable clone allows the company to clone a variety of bootable files which encompass programs (normally), system operating system, user settings, and a variety of updates, software customizations, passwords, and many more. Even though an organization has made sure that all its applications and programs are available on readily-available optical disc, they can still take days to load again, configure and update everything. On the other hand, if the firm or an individual has developed a latest bootable clone, it will require you only a few minutes to get your business or routine acti vities back on the track. Repair of previous operating system or programs after a failed upgrade There are many cases when an individual or an organization attempts to upgrade their operating system or major functions of some critical application and they go extremely off-center, and their computer may fail to perform critical operations. In many cases it happens due to inefficiency of a hardware component that is required to support an upgraded component

Professional Profile of the Program Analyst and System Engineer Essay

Professional Profile of the Program Analyst and System Engineer - Essay Example Professional Profile of the Program Analyst and System Engineer ïÆ' ¼ Highly skilled in creating supportive technical solutions, overseeing contract administration, and facilitating effective program coordination strategies to increase workflow efficiency ïÆ' ¼ Proven ability to effectively handle multi-task levels of management responsibility with minimal direction from superiors while supervising personnel, providing team leadership, motivation, and development ïÆ' ¼ Solid communication, interpersonal, time management, analytical, organizational, and technical skills ïÆ' ¼ Experienced in Forecasting, Performance Improvement, Program Analysis, Project Management and System Engineering ïÆ' ¼ Extremely intelligent, dependable, and self-motivated with a high degree of collaborative work integrity ï‚ § I am currently working as a Senior Aviation Cost Analysis for a Business Case Study (BCS) for the Army Aviation Ground Support Equipment (AGSE) for Tool Replacement Warranty Program. ï‚ § I have worked in the position of Contract Specialist for CAS. The role involved Corporation working the AMCOM Contract at the Sparkman Center in the Acquisitions Logistic Directorate. ï‚ § Held accountable for maintaining the quality of the design, conformance, and condition of building the Boeing Delta Plant while reviewing in-plant testing for quality and recommending approval or disapproval to the Senior Quality Engineer.

Correlation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Correlation - Essay Example A negative correlation means that the changes in the variables are not uniform. In other words, when one variable increases the other decreases and vice versa. The correlation between different variable are in different cases are analyzed here. This analysis basically relates to the internet subsidies in Public Schools. "Policymakers and analysts have argued that public schools are a natural place to teach underserved populations about computers and increase access to new technology." (Goolsbee & Guryan, 2003). The correlation between the variable A and variable B of school lunch program can be seen first. The variable A is the number of students who are eligible for school lunch. The variable B is the amount of funding received by the school. Different types of correlation can occur between these two variables. A positive correlation between the two variables means that adequate funds are received by the school in order to provide lunch for the students at the school. This refers to the proper working of the system. A negative correlation between the two variables means that even though there are adequate numbers of students eligible for the lunch, the schools don't receive the necessary fund for providing the students with proper lunch. The third case is where the correlation between the two variables is minimal. This is rather a neutral case where the condition is that there are no eligible students and funds are not required by the schools. Correlation between subsidy and age of students There is a positive, negative and neutral correlation between the subsidy and age of students. Here the variable A is the impact of subsidy and variable B is the age of students at school. A positive correlation between these two variables means that the subsidy received by the school contains the students who satisfy the eligibility age for it. A negative correlation between these two variables means that even though the schools receive subsidy it does not actually satisfy the age criteria for availing the benefits. This means that the fund is directed not to the required area. Similarly a minimal correlation means that the schools don't satisfy the criteria only to certain extend and so they are not able to avail the benefits of the subsidy. Correlation between classrooms and student performance The intention behind connecting classrooms with the latest internet facility is to ensure better performance of the students. In this case the variable A is the number of classrooms connected with internet. The variable B is the performance of the students in the test conducted. The correlations between these two variables are very much relevant because the actual results of the spending are understood by this. A positive correlation means that the classrooms are connected with better internet facilities and the students are provided the most modern internet facilities in the classrooms and the performance level of the students is very higher in the test. This shows that the nation has benefited by investment in facilities. A negative correlation means the classrooms are connected with internet and the students does not show sufficient improvement in their performance. This is a failure. A minimal correlation means that there are neither internet facili

How do the cars effect the CO2 level of the air Lab Report

How do the cars effect the CO2 level of the air - Lab Report Example However, humans have been actively affecting the CO2 natural balance through activities that increase the accumulation of these gases in the atmosphere, a factor contributing to increased accumulation of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The typical combustion activities include burning of natural gases, oil coal and in transportation, where vehicles are the main contributors of pollution. In the US today, combustion of gasoline in transportation services accounts for 32% of the total emissions in the country and 27% of all greenhouse emissions; it is  the second largest contributor of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Brugge, 3). Consequently, vehicles using gasoline are the second most significant source of greenhouse gases in the U.S, raising concerns on the use of carbon-based fuels. This practical was aimed at measuring the levels of carbon dioxide emitted by vehicles at two busy locations within the school. The aim was  to understand the effect of high vehicle densi ties and the differences in concentration of CO2 gas at two different locations. Vehicles play a significant role in increasing the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. As has been stated above, combustion is one of the major human activities has been blamed for increased cases of greenhouse gases. A primary agent of combustion that steadily increases the accumulation of these gases is the use of carbon-based fuels. As such, the testing of carbon dioxide levels in the parking area and at the school exit seeks to indicate the role played by vehicles in increasing the levels of emissions in the atmosphere. Utmost care was observed when handling the sensitive instrument to avoid damage.   Two or more people  had  to carry the device while holding the S.S probe  in position. The probe was also prevented from touching the ground where it could collect data and get damage. An important observation during the experiment was that when placing the digital CO2 sensor in the required

Correlation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Correlation - Essay Example A negative correlation means that the changes in the variables are not uniform. In other words, when one variable increases the other decreases and vice versa. The correlation between different variable are in different cases are analyzed here. This analysis basically relates to the internet subsidies in Public Schools. "Policymakers and analysts have argued that public schools are a natural place to teach underserved populations about computers and increase access to new technology." (Goolsbee & Guryan, 2003). The correlation between the variable A and variable B of school lunch program can be seen first. The variable A is the number of students who are eligible for school lunch. The variable B is the amount of funding received by the school. Different types of correlation can occur between these two variables. A positive correlation between the two variables means that adequate funds are received by the school in order to provide lunch for the students at the school. This refers to the proper working of the system. A negative correlation between the two variables means that even though there are adequate numbers of students eligible for the lunch, the schools don't receive the necessary fund for providing the students with proper lunch. The third case is where the correlation between the two variables is minimal. This is rather a neutral case where the condition is that there are no eligible students and funds are not required by the schools. Correlation between subsidy and age of students There is a positive, negative and neutral correlation between the subsidy and age of students. Here the variable A is the impact of subsidy and variable B is the age of students at school. A positive correlation between these two variables means that the subsidy received by the school contains the students who satisfy the eligibility age for it. A negative correlation between these two variables means that even though the schools receive subsidy it does not actually satisfy the age criteria for availing the benefits. This means that the fund is directed not to the required area. Similarly a minimal correlation means that the schools don't satisfy the criteria only to certain extend and so they are not able to avail the benefits of the subsidy. Correlation between classrooms and student performance The intention behind connecting classrooms with the latest internet facility is to ensure better performance of the students. In this case the variable A is the number of classrooms connected with internet. The variable B is the performance of the students in the test conducted. The correlations between these two variables are very much relevant because the actual results of the spending are understood by this. A positive correlation means that the classrooms are connected with better internet facilities and the students are provided the most modern internet facilities in the classrooms and the performance level of the students is very higher in the test. This shows that the nation has benefited by investment in facilities. A negative correlation means the classrooms are connected with internet and the students does not show sufficient improvement in their performance. This is a failure. A minimal correlation means that there are neither internet facili

I write the topic in the instruction box because it is too long Essay - 1

I write the topic in the instruction box because it is too long - Essay Example The background history of torture dates back to the 20th century, post World War II period during the development and progress of the CIA’s investigative techniques where the CIA agents were taught how to use sensory deprivation techniques to help them break down the human psyche in order to make the prisoners feel fear, dread, confusion and increase their dependency. The history of this 20th century torture tactic was especially traced back to democracies such as the United States, U.K and Israel where it was regularly carried out. The British were known to use what they called ‘five techniques, which included – 1) Hooding, 2) Sleep deprivation, 3) Forced standing, 4) Noise bombardment and 5) Starvations and thirst against the IRA. However, such horrendous practices and techniques were discarded by legislation levied against it both in the UK and Israel, but sadly it is still carried on in the United States. It is quite difficult for most people to understand this kind of torture because such torture does not leave any visible marks on the prisoner. This kind of torture is of a particular kind because the techniques involve â€Å"Stress positions† such as standing for long hours or being shackled from the ceiling which is something that goes beyond human endurance. This kind of torture also includes deprivation of sleep and sensory organs. For the shackling of prisoners, the ceiling is covered with wire mesh and chains are hung from them to hold up the arms of the prisoners for long hours without sleep. In fact, a chart is hung on the prison wall to indicate how many hours a prisoner should sleep and how many hours he had to stand shackled. The guards followed this regimental schedule rigidly to succeed in breaking the individual’s spirit. Describing the impact of this tactic used on the prisoners Pfc. Damian Corsetti, MI, states -"If youve ever

Fascism vs Communism Essay Example for Free

Fascism vs Communism Essay All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state. † Benito Mussolini I am writing about a host of differences between Italian Fascism and Soviet Communism. Yes, they both are totalitarian regimes, one under Lenin, then Stalin, who, in my opinion takes the cake for worst ever when it comes to the world’s extensive list of dictators, and Mussolini’s Fascist Regime, who ruled from 1922-1945, the last three years serving as a somewhat puppet ruler in northern Italy for Adolph Hitler, before his unfortunate and brutal death at the hands of partisans. Both nations were militarized, both were dictated, both were ruthless and oppressive to political and foreign enemies, and both were aligned to Nazi Germany at one point. But let’s be real, this is where any sort of comparison comes to a screeching halt. The March on Rome took place on Oct. 22 and last until the 29th of October, 1922. In a time of uncertainty, it was a daring and bold move, and thanks to no intervention by the military on King Emmanuel III’s orders, was a successful one. That week, around 30,000 â€Å"black shirts† assembled and helped bring about the establishment of a new regime, the National Fascist Party. On Oct. 28th, with the King’s blessings, â€Å"Il Duce† assumed all powers as a functioning Prime Minister, and Fascism became a welcome way of living to most Italians. Mussolini would be recognized as his regime slowly but surely took power as a hero to many across Europe at the time and a savior in a sense to his people. As for the Soviets, their rise to power came about as they were being thoroughly and clearly defeated by the Germans on the eastern front in the First World War. †Peace, Land, and Bread† were promised, but the people of Russia and the occupied nations under Soviet control would soon learn otherwise. Military reverses and losses were mounting, and Vladimir Lenin, the coward that he was, made promises that him and his communist state had no intention of following through with. After the treaty was signed, the oppression had to begin immediately to shout down the majority of the populations present complaints. The war began soon between the â€Å"Reds† and the â€Å"Whites†, and the masses suffering at the time of the civil war was only a sample of the taste of what the Soviet people were going to go through in the future. Once Stalin took over, he would over shadow both Hitler and Mussolini in their respective cruelness combined. â€Å"Fascism should rightly be called Corporatism, as it is the merger of corporate and government power. † This is a direct quote from Benito Mussolini, and Fascism more or less lived up to it. The glorious destiny and manifestation of the nation and its peoples were more important than the individual, something that was the extreme opposite of the supposed rights for all individuals of Communism, which purpose was to ensure rights for the factory workers over the factory owners, the poor masses over the rich elite, something that was precarious considering the Soviets were as a majority peasants, who, when coming to power under Lenin or Stalin, now had to watch themselves as any move deemed too right or wrong could get you killed in this backwards, barbaric communist state. As factory workers in a nation such as Fascist Italy, you might be working for less Lira and strikes were out of the question unless you didn’t value your own life, but it was necessary for the resurrection and rebirth of the Roman Empire, which Mussolini tried in earnest to turn Italy from a 2nd rate European Power to a World Power, which he in my opinion succeeded. While the Soviets, especially under Stalin, were also into updating their countries industrialization and economy, at the cost of literally millions of human lives. I’m not trying to say that Italy’s Fascism was a saint, as many thousands were locked away and or perished under Mussolini’s Regime, but literally tens of millions would die for this greater â€Å"communist† cause. While Mussolini was promoting successfully an increased birth rate, the Communist cause was killing people as fast as the bubonic plague. Let me put it this way, Communism protects the individual at the all costs, while Fascism protects the States interests, to the cost and sacrifice of the individual and his rights. And lastly, if Fascism had anything in common with Communism, Mussolini wouldn’t have sent a expeditionary force in with the axis after Operation Barabossa opened up. What was a force of 50,000 was expanded into the 200,000 strong 8th Italian Army, fighting with bravery, valor and even leading the last documented (and successful) cavalry charge against the Soviets on the eastern front. Both nations had intervened for their opposing sides during the Spanish Civil War, the Soviets for the republicans, Fascist clearly for â€Å"Il Caudillo† General Franco and his Nationalists. While both were revolutionist governments with a need for oppression, I admire the Nationalistic aspects of all Fascist regimes in Europe. Not saying that I agree with or condone genocide on any scale commited by Fascism like the Ustasha Regime of Croatia, The Iron Guard of Romania, or the Anti- Jewish laws enforced by Germany or Italy, But they fought with selflessness and sacrificed their lives for their nation, something Americans used to do and believe in, when this liberal change took over I don’t know. But you can bet your life that if this country suffered invasion from China, I’d defend with my life this coast as the Germans had Normandy. Or if we were invaded by Mexico, I’d defend our deserts as the Italian Parachute Division Folgore defended their African positions, to the last man. Bottom line: Communism has more differences than similarities with Fascism. Sources: Brutal Friendship: Mussolini, Hitler, and the fall of Italian Fascism, F. W. Deakin Wikipedia. com BrainyQuotes. com The Third Reich: a new history, Michael Burleigh

Identification of Hazards Associated With Shift Work

Identification of Hazards Associated With Shift Work Chapter 1 1.0 Introduction Modern society has acquired rapid changes that have been shaped and dominated by economic and productivity strategies, as well as human behaviour on individual, social and professional perspectives. The 24-hour society’ represents a platform whereby time constraints, that previously used to limit human activities, have been lifted in order to balance the essential and urgent needs of the society at any given moment, irrespective of day or night. Therefore, a comprehensive management of the working time is a key issue as it is the first and foremost instrument that bridges human capacity with production means (Costa, 2003). Shift work has become a very important and fundamental structure part of the modern society as it sustains a continuous mechanism in the production and implementation of services on a national scale. It includes various professions such as health care, law enforcement services, fire and rescue services, electrical utilities and transportation (Wright et al., 2012). In the past few decades, the global population has witnessed a significant rise (Zhao and Turner, 2008). Accordingly, the demand for these basic services has amplified leading to an expansion in the availability of such services to the general population. This means that the need for broadening the scope of shift work has intensified. More attention, measures, human and technological resources have been devoted to shift work. As medical assistance has to be made available to the population round the clock, health care, on a global aspect, remains one of the high-priority work sectors in society (Zhao et al., 2010). The duty of the health care system comprises the provision of medical service to the sick and injured people through application of science, knowledge, skills, expertise and latest technology available (Chakravarthy Battu, 2014). It is expected that a healthy and psychologically balanced workforce is of ample importance in maintaining an efficient health care system (Shree, 2012). Mauritian nurses provide health services in hospitals, clinics and other health care facilities in order to meet and satisfy the health needs of the population in emergency, in-ward, out-patient, and day-time and specialist clinics (Shree, 2012). Shift work is considered to be an essential schedule for the majority of health care personnel. A unique work practice environment is created. It is clearly established that nurses are among the first and major representatives in the line of staff constituting the health care personnel (Ahsan et al., 2009; Chakravarthy Battu, 2014). The nature of their duty is associated with a round the clock rendering of health care service. Hence they have to work during the day and night as per a shift system (Deori, 2012). In the process of administering such a service, and taking into account the high demands involved, shift work can have adverse effect on the nurses and their health, which will reflect directly on the efficiency of the health care sy stem (Kecklund Harma, 2010). This is directly associated with the quality of medical services from which the population benefits. Ultimately, a proper functioning of the system depends largely on the work productivity of nurses, of which shift work is a core element. A thorough investigation on the nurses and their shift system paves the way to obtain a clear picture concerning their health, work productivity, problems associated with their profession, as well as certain issues, owing to their occupation, that impact on their private life. 1.1 Problem statement Nurses represent a vital part of the hospital staff. Being the main driving force, they serve as role models while delivering patient care. Shift work represents a challenge as it is the core structure which supports the work of nurses. Be that as it may, shift work can be the cause of many physical, psychological and social effects on the life of the worker and disrupt the well-functioning of the organisation (Jahromi et al., 2013). Night shift can undoubtedly pose certain problems by compromising with their health and their safety. One of the main effects of shift work is the disruption of the internal body clock (circadian rhythms) and associated sleeping difficulties (Boughattas et al., 2014; AlMetrek, 2014). As stated by Vijayalaxmi (2014), as a result, fatigue, performance deficits, slowed physical and mental reaction time arise. Eventually an increase in errors and accidents is more likely to happen. Shift work is strongly associated with health effects such as gastrointestinal diseases (Pati et al., 2001) and problems of the female reproductive system (Knudtson and Brzyski, 2013). Non-medical issues arising as a consequence of shift work influence social and family life (Costa, 2003; Finn, 1981) to a wide extent, thus causing major problems. Roland (2014) has implicated shift work as a noteworthy source of stress for nurses associated with poor performance. These effects obviously do not happen to all shift workers and with proper management. Hence the risks and instance of complications can be minimised. In the case of Mauritius, no valid study on shift work concerning the safety and health of nurses has been performed. Up to the present time, the health, sleep and well-being of nurses have not been considered as an occupational safety and health issue within Mauritius. It has not been thoroughly investigated and little information is available about their current situation. Therefore it is important to have a greater understanding of the impact of shift work on our health care workforce. By analysing the conditions of shift work as wellbeing of the nurses, information will be acquired pertaining to their physical and mental states. The study will provide valuable report about their views, opinions and suggestions with regard to the system of shift work. Further, the study serves as unique platform to channel, classify and simplify the health problems of the nurses in a systematic manner. Moreover, the survey will help to identify weak points and flaws of the existing shift system in Mauritius, because of which, the health of nurses is directly affected. Hence, potential methods to combat the health problems can be worked out for the sake of improving their condition and ameliorate their performance on a professional level. 1.2 Aim and objectives of study The study will introduce an occupational safety and health (OSH) perspective to shift work by systematically identifying the hazards associated with shift work. In general, the aim of the study is to analyse how shift work can have an impact on nurses’ safety and health in the health care sector by achieving some of the objectives set for this study. The objectives of the study are: To analyse which health effects are the most common among nurses as a consequence of working shift. To examine the most practiced shift work schedule in the hospital. To what extent shift work causes stress among nurses. To analyse whether shift work affect the social and family life of nurses. To come up with appropriate recommendations to address health and family problems identified during the course of the study. 1.3 Outline of study The study will then proceed with the following chapters Chapter 2: Literature review It contains a comprehensive review of the literature related to the study under investigation. It consists of theories relevant to the problem drawn out and provides definitions to ensure uniformity and understanding of the different terms throughout the dissertation. Chapter 3: Methodology It presents the research methodology and procedures used to gather data for the study. The different measuring tools are outlined and the different variables they assess are explained. Chapter 4: Results and data analysis The results of the analysis and findings which have emerged are outlined in this chapter. It consists of detailed descriptions derived from the data obtained through the survey and it also displays data visually, using a number of different formats, such as tables, bar charts, pie charts and others. Chapter 5: Discussion The results obtained from surveys will be interpreted with regards to the literature review. Chapter 6: Recommendation This chapter contains the recommendations of the study which addresses the limitations present in the research and proposes some measures. This allows incorporating the information generated by the study. 1.4 An overview of the health sector in Mauritius Mauritius is among one of the few countries in the world where health care is provided free of charge at the point of use to the entire population (Kassean Juwaheer, 2010). Under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life of Mauritius (MOH QOL), a regionalized system of health services operates in the country in order to support an extensive network of accessible health care institutions and ensure that a competent health service is delivered to the Mauritian population. Being the employer of the public health system, the MHQOL coordinates the performance of all the staff working under its auspice (Health Statistics Report Mauritius, 2013). Source: Health Statistics Report of Mauritius (2013) According to the World Health Cooperation Strategy of Mauritius (2008-2013), health care system of Mauritius operates on 3 levels. 1.4.1 Primary Level These peripheral health units are the first points of contact. Basic services offered include treatment of common injuries and diseases, maternal and child care and family planning. Upon necessity, cases are referred from these centres to regional or specialized hospitals for further investigation follow up and care of specialist doctors (WHO Cooperation Strategy Mauritius, 2008-2013). 1.4.2 Secondary Level Curative health services are delivered through the two hospitals at the district level. The five regional hospitals provide services which include accident and emergency services, general medicine, general and specialized surgery, gynecology and obstetrics, chest medicine, orthopedics, traumatology, pediatrics and intensive care services. Radiotherapy services are provided at Victoria Hospital. The ‘Service d’Aide Medicale d’Urgence’ (SAMU) is attached to each Accident Emergency Department and operates on a 24-hour basis (WHO Cooperation Strategy Mauritus, 2008-2013). 1.4.3 Tertiary Level It is the highest level. Specialized health care is available at these five hospitals. All of them operate on a 24-hour basis. Complicated cases are referred to these centres for further management. The Brown Sequard Mental Health Care Centre is a psychiatric hospital with 803 beds. The Poudre D’or Hospital is a Centre where severe chest diseases are treated. It also serves as quarantine for tuberculosis patients. The S. Bharati Eye Hospital is responsible for treating complicated eye diseases and carrying out major and minor ophthalmic surgeries. At the Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, conservative management as well as a wide range of surgeries is accomplished. The Cardiac Centre is a 53-bedded institution, specialized in cardiac surgery and invasive cardiology. It also provides a neurosurgical service.

Alistair MacLeods No Great Mischief Essay example -- Alistair MacLeod

Alistair MacLeod's "No Great Mischief"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In No Great Mischief, Alistair MacLeod proves to the reader that it is impossible to talk about the Scottish-Canadian heritage without mentioning tradition, family and loyalty. MacLeod wrote this book about loyalty to family tradition. It is common to talk about these three things when one describes his family or his past in general, but in this book, MacLeod has included every single intricate detail about each one of the three aspects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Family plays the biggest role in this novel. Anything that the characters say or do usually has to do with family. The first time Alexander MacDonald, the narrator of the story, mentions family it is not his own. It is one of the immigrant families picking berries along the road that he is driving on (MacLeod 1). This point takes him directly into a slight mention of his own family: the grandmother (3). Since there is no main character in the book, it is thought to be the narrator. However, I wish to disagree with this fact and say that the real main character in this book is Alexander’s brother, Calum, who lives in Toronto. The first time Calum is introduced, one of the first things to come out of his mouth is of family: â€Å"I have been thinking the last few days of Calum Ruadh,† (11). We find out that Alexander has a close relationship with his brother and he drives to Toronto to visit him every weekend. This has become almost a tradition because he does not visit him to actually have a constructive conversation or to resolve a problem, although Calum has many of them, the most serious of which is drinking, but instead he visits him only for the sake of visiting him. It is also a tradition in that they do the same thing every time: they drink, not so much Alexander as Calum. We later find out that Alexander has a similar tradition set up with other family members. The most distinct of which is his relationship with his grandmother: Grandma. When he visits Grandma, it is always the same routine: they sing long Gaelic songs, like the ones that their ancestors would. Alexander, for most of the first half of the book, does not talk about his present day family as much as his ancestors. He provides the reader with the information about how he wound up in Canada and what his ancestors had to go through to get here. Throughout this part of the book, Alexander makes it seem as... ...xample, the way that grandfather dies is probably one of the best ways to go: he was relaxed, not in pain, and he was doing what he loved most: reading his history textbooks. In the latter part of the book, whenever there is any mention of grandfather anywhere he is always either reading a book or sleeping (228, 264). Everyone in the family is always content, no matter what kind of trouble they go through or how much they have enjoyed; they have always had enough to satisfy them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Towards the end of the novel, the reader is more and more convinced that the MacDonalds have serious problems. Regardless of how attached you are to your past it is way too much to still live on the same piece of land that someone from your family, your ancestor, has lived on in 1497. The MacDonalds live there not because they cannot afford something better but because they truly cherish the land that their ancestors cultivated and took care of. At the very end of the book, when Calum wishes for Alexander to take him back out to the East Coast to die there, it seems to be almost apologetic and gives the reader the impression that the brothers have to keep reminding themselves of their heritage.

Order of Importance in Goulds Nonmoral Nature :: Nonmoral Nature

Order of Importance in Gould's Nonmoral Nature  Ã‚   Many things can be put into order. Time, people, and events can all be placed in a logical order. The way that things are put into order can greatly affect the impact that they have. In Gould's Nonmoral Nature, the order in which he presents the different points of view is very important. He uses scientists who have been dominant in their profession but that are not commonly known in the begining and middle of his writing. However, to close out his work, he uses the prominent scientist Darwin to leave a lasting impression on the reader. Gould's use of order greatly affects the way that people perceive his work.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Gould's order has two effects on the reader. First, by putting Darwin last, he allows the reader to get acquainted with the ideas of some great minds whom the reader may not have been exposed to before. The reader can then think about these ideas that have ben presented to them and compare them with their own thoughts and ideas. Darwin is known for his theories, therefore people are more apt to assimilate their ideas to his. If Gould were to put Darwin's point of view first, the reader may be less likely to agree with some of the other ideas that are presented in Nonmoral Nature. By putting Darwin last, Gould allowed the reader to form their own opinion and then compare this to Darwin's ideas in the conclusion of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The second effect of Gould's use of order is that the reader, having read Darwin last, may be more inclined to believe the other evidence that in presented in the story. Darwin is a man who is well known and held in high esteem for his studies. With these attributes to his name, Darwin leaves a lasting impact on the reader. After the reader has formed their own thoughts and ideas on the matter of Nonmoral Nature, they are given the chance to Darwin's ideas for the benefit of their own thought.

Factors Affecting Fdi Inflow in Tanzania

CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TANZANIA INVESTMENT CENTRE (TIC) Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC) is the primary agency of the Government of Tanzania to coordinate, encourage, promote and facilitate investment in Tanzania and to advise the Government on investment related matters. TIC is a focal point for investors. It is the first point of call for the potential investors; it is a â€Å"one stop facilitative centre for all investors†, engaging in the business of marketing Tanzania as an investment destination. TIC was established in 1997 by the Tanzania Investment Act No. 26 of 1997 to be â€Å"the primary agency of Government to coordinate, encourage, promote and facilitate investment in Tanzania and to advise the Government in Investment related matters† All Government departments and agencies are required by law to cooperate fully with TIC in facilitating investors. As a primary agency of the Government in all investment matters, TIC is charged with the following functions:- †¢ Assist in establishment of enterprises e. g. ncorporation of enterprises; †¢ Obtain necessary licenses, work permits, visas, approvals, facilities or services; †¢ Sort out any administrative barriers confronting both local and foreign investments; †¢ Promote both foreign and local investment activities; †¢ Secure investment sites and assist investors to establish EPZ projects; †¢ Grant Certificates of Incentives, investment guarantees and register technology agreements for all investments, which a re over and above US $ 300,000 and 100,000 for foreign and local investment respectively; †¢ Provide and disseminate up to date information on existing investment opportunities, benefits or incentives available to investors; and †¢ Assist all investors whether or not registered by TIC. TIC headquarters is in Dar es Salaam, but has established Zonal offices in Kilimanjaro, Mwanza and Mbeya regions in order to assist Investors who are based in nearby regions to access TIC services without necessarily traveling to Dar es Salaam. The Zonal offices are responsible in assisting investors to obtain all relevant permits, approvals and licenses they require in order to set up their businesses. In order to strengthen and expedite facilitation services, ten (10) Senior Officers from Government or its Executive Agencies have been permanently stationed at TIC to serve investors under one roof. Presently these officers include those from:- †¢ Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlement Development; †¢ Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA); †¢ Immigration Department; †¢ Ministry of Labor, Employment and Youth Development (Labor Department); †¢ Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing (Directorate Trade); †¢ Business Registration & Licensing Agency (BRELA).? 2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM FDI has been one of the principal beneficiaries of the liberalization of capital flows over recent decades and now constitutes the major form of capital inflow for many African countries, including some low-income ones like Tanzania. Economies are often considered less vulnerable to external financing difficulties when current account deficits are financed largely by FDI inflows, rather than debt-creating capital flows. There is no denying the importance of FDI inflows both for their contribution to sustaining current account imbalances in countries and for their contribution to broader economic growth, through technological spillovers and competition effects. Recent economic reports show that Tanzania lags behind neighbors Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia and also Madagascar in its ability to attract foreign investors. A ccording to a top economic official, the failure to execute pro-business reforms is keeping prospective foreign investors away from Tanzania. (Konye Obaji Ori, Afrik. com, Thursday September, 2008). The Chief Executive Officer of the Tanzania Investment Centre, Mr Emmanuel Ole Naiko, said â€Å"even countries with less attractive opportunities and resources were receiving more foreign direct investment because the culture of politicking and negative public sentiments against foreign investors in Tanzania were among factors impeding the inflow of investments in the country†. In recent years, the flow of FDI has been steadily growing. From 2004 to 2005, the inflow grew by 29 percent to reach US $ 916 billion). During the same Tanzania attracted US $ 330. 6 million. To ensure maximum benefit to the economy, potential factors affecting FDI flow should be researched periodically. (Tanzania Investment Report, BOT, 2006). A large proportion of the FDI flow into Tanzania has increased from 552 million US Dollars in 2006 to 600 million US Dollars in 2008, ranking the country among the top ten recipients in Africa. Given its dominance in financial globalization and the potential impact to the economies, FDI tend to pose various challenges to individual recipient countries. For example monitoring and evaluation of the inflows, maintaining macroeconomics stability, and undertaking institutional and policy reforms for the purpose or realizing optimal benefits from the inflows. These challenges obligates Tanzania to increase capacity to compete interms of attracting investments, gaining global market shares and improving social economic welfare. Therefore the main objective of TIC is to facilitate Investment for national growth by enhancing an environment conductive for business and entrepreneurship growth hence attracting FDI inflows. 0. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM For the past two decades, Tanzania had been conceiving several efforts to attract Foreign Direct Investment. Major policy and structural reforms carried out since 1980’s played significant role in improving the investment environment in the country. These efforts have resulted into increase in FDI inflows into the country. However the increase in FDI and related investment posed a need to evaluate potential factors that induce the flow of FDI and should be emphases in this issue. The small number of investors in the country is usually contributed to weak economic performance. So it is important to identify factors that affect these investors not to invest in the country. It is also important to recognize the mixture of positive and negative effects of FDI bring into the country. The researcher will evaluate ways which can be used to maximize the effects of FDI hence leading to economy growth. Therefore the aim of this study is to identify and evaluate the potential factors that affect the flow of FDI into our country. 1. 4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 1. 4. 1 General Objective. To identify and evaluate the potential factors that affect the inflow of FDI in Tanzania so that to maximize the effects of FDI hence leading to the growth of economy. 1. 4. 2 Specific Objectives †¢ To identify and evaluate the sources of FDI †¢ To analyze the role of FDI as a source of economic development †¢ To analyze the effects of FDI in the host country and how this can be controlled. 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. 5. General Questions What are the Potential Factors That Affect FDI Inflows? 1. 5. 2 Specific Questions 1) Will policy measures lead to increase/decrease in FDI inflows? 2) What will happen is some companies with foreign ownership maintain offshore accounts, from whi ch their debt servicing is made directly, thus leading to unknown outflow? 3) What policy measures to be taken as FDI inflow into the country come from different countries with different investment requirement hence having different requirements? 4) What is the effect of availability of highly educated and skilled labor in FDI Inflows? 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH 1. To the Target Government The study will provide information for developing policies on investment promotion and planning on future investment strategies. Also it will help in improving the necessary environment for attracting FDI inflows in the country. 2. To Future Researchers To help other researchers to conduct future study on the same problem given the gaps this might be encountered by the researcher. Also it can be used as reference for literature reviews on the same problem in other areas relating with FDI. 1. 6. 3 To the Researcher 1) The study is the partial fulfillment of the requirements for Post Graduate Diploma in Financial Management to be awarded by the Institute of Finance Management. IFM) 2) The researcher will gain confidence to conduct other research Studies independently at his places of work as to solve long and short term problems due to widened ability in writing and reporting skills. 1. 6. 4 To Investors The study will be of much importance to local and foreign investors, policy makers , donors, academicians as well it will be a useful source of information about the factors that determine FDI inflow in the country. 1. 6. 5 Reference Period The study conducted may be used in the coming three (3) years. 1. 7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is intended to provide information on the potential factors that affect FDI inflow as well as bring out investors perception of the economy and business environment ranging from macroeconomic situation, infrastructure, financial governance and labour factors. The research will be conducted in Dar es Salaam region at TIC Headquarters and will take approximately two (2) months. The issues to be analyzed here are the potential factors that affect the FDI inflows, the sources of FDI into the country and the impact of FDI to the country both negatively and positively. 8. GAPS TO BE FILLED 1) FDI by locally owned companies has to be analyzed too, as many records shown by the past researchers are for the fully owned by foreigners or partially. 2) To add information on the previously done research on the gap trying to have a census on the set of potential factors affecting FDI inflows. 3) The study will try to overcome or at least reduce the gap as outline above. 9. CONCEPTUAL MODEL Tanzania benefits from FDI because these flows augment the limited Domestic savings and bring with it finance, managerial skills, technology, marketing expertise and market links. However new opportunities also bring risks that should be managed properly, especially in the case of policy reforms e. t. c. 10. ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY The Researcher anticipates the following assumption in the research process:- 1. 10. 1 Time It is assumed that the time will be sufficient to complete this study. The time given is not sufficient to make the researcher to make a comprehensive study. This implies that the researcher will face difficulties in gathering all the important information for analysis. 1. 10. 2 Respondents It is assumed that some of the respondents will cooperate. Some respondents will also be a problem in the study; this is because of their personal interest and might choose to be untruthful. Also there may be a problem of absence of respondents. 1. 10. 3 Access to Records A problem of fully access to some documents may pose a problem as some documents are termed as very confidential and thus cannot be accessed by anybody especially the outsider. 1. 10. 4 Funds It is assumed that the funds will cover what is on the budget. However any additional costs outside the budgeted one may pose as a problem; as there will be no additional funds from my sponsor. Inexperience in conducting research may lead to some delays hence increase in cost of the study. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Many researcher has been conducted regarding the analyses of the major determinants of FDI flows but did not come to census on what can be specified as a â€Å"set† of major determinants of FDI inflows, as this varies from one country to another and from one host to another. (World Investment Report, 2008). The flow of FDI to different countries is unequal. The major sources and destination of FDI have been the USA, the European Union, and Japan. Europe is currently the largest recipient and source of FDI. Africa has been receiving the lowest share of global FDI despite efforts by African ountries to attract it. However the climate has improved over the past few years. The growth of domestic output has been greater that that of the population for the first time in years. (Recep Kok et al, Analyses of FDI Determinants in Developing Countries, Journal of Social Economics, Volume 36: 1/2 2009 PP105 – 123). Tanzania recei ved US $ 600 million in 2008 and became the third largest recipient of FDI in SADCC region. However Tanzania has an upside potential to attract more FDI because of its continued political stability, promising prospect in the mining and biogas, and tourism. (World Investment Report, 2008). 1 Meaning and Overview of FDI in Tanzania Recep Kok et al, defines Foreign Direct Investment is as a case where a resident entity in one economy acquires lasting interest in an enterprise in another country’s economy with significant degree of influence. The World Investment Report (WIR) 2008, which was launched by the Secretary General of UNCTAD Dr. Panithpakdi, indicates that the FDI inflow in Africa has recorded an impressive performance. It shows that FDI on the continent has hit a record and that Africa has the highest returns on Investment. The Government has continued to improve the country’s investment climate, by introducing different reforms which will be of interest to investors. However as everyone sees, the foreign investment is highly concentrated in some parts of Tanzania, in the big cities like Dar –Es-Salaam, Mbeya, Arusha e. t. c. Also it is concentrated in the mining areas like Geita, Kahama, Nyamongo, and Tulawaka. In areas where the only product obtained there is agriculture, there are no or few investments. (Tanzania Investment Report, 2006). FDI has some components which are:- 1) Direct Equity Investment; 2) Retained earnings attributable to non-residents; 3) Long-term shareholders and inter-company loans; 4) Short-term shareholders and inter-company loans; and 5) Suppliers credits from related companies. The surge of interest in FDI and multinational companies has been so high that in Tanzania there has been a high expectation in terms of what the companies can do and generally on the development effects of FDI. While FDI can, indeed, contribute to national economic and social development in many ways, the engagement and performance of domestic actors are very crucial. The effect of FDI largely depends on the policies of the host country. This goes beyond the mere liberalization of economies. Deliberate measures to develop human capital and physical and social infrastructure can also be valuable ways to enhance the quality of FDI that countries can attract. Tanzania is making major efforts to increase FDI inflow by improving the investment climate. It has embarked on wide-ranging policy, political and institutional reforms aimed at reducing (and if possible removing) barriers to entry of foreign capital, particularly FDI. Trade investment liberalization, privatization and the creation of various incentives for foreign investment have received considerable attention of the government. Regional economic integration bodies and free trade zones have been created to enlarge the size of markets and adopt common investment regimes at sub-regional and regional levels. These efforts are based on recognition that FDI can stimulate economic growth, generate new employment opportunities, promote transfer of new technologies and contribute to environmental sustainability in the region. (Oyeyinka, 2004) 2 FDI Inflow and Prospect for Tanzania Tanzanian’s Foreign Direct Investment has increased by nearly 15 Percent in 2008, mainly due to investment in natural resources Exploration projects already in operation. Tanzania has ranked number 12 among major FDI receiver African countries after Nigeria, Egypt, Morocco, Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, Algeria and Tunisia. Other countries ahead of Tanzania are Madagascar, Zambia, Ghana, DRC and Kenya. (World Investment Report, 2008). However, there is no reason why on earth countries like Zambia and Madgascar should surpass Tanzania, particularly when one looks at the natural resources endowments the country enjoys. Tanzania’s problem has been engagement in too many debates, which inhibited some the making of quick and timely decisions. Giving the example of a country like Mozambique, although it was devastated by the war, had managed to successfully develop its coal mines leaving Tanzanians to debate on who should develop Mchuchuma coal or Liganga iron ore deposits. Since early 1986, The Government of Tanzania, with determination, launched a comprehensive economic reforms and stabilization programme. In pursuit of this, agricultural marketing has been liberalized, foreign exchanged controls have been lifted, price deregulated, enhanced private sector involvement in the economy through privatization programme and the new investment code offering competitive incentives has been in place. These comprehensive economic reforms have resulted into improved competitiveness, lower tariffs, increasing levels of foreign investment in trade, improved key economic indicators and rapid integration into world markets. To this end, the Government is currently embarking on a strenuous exercise to upgrade its institutions and bring them at par with international standards. The expectation is to enhance the country’s competitive position for investment flows destined for the region and meet the challenges of globalization. Table 1:GDP Snapshot for 2004 |GPD |US $ 8. 8bn | |GPD per Capita |USD $ 240 | |GPD Growth |4. 3% | |Agriculture Value Added |47. 6% | |Industry Value Added |14. % | |Services Value Added |38. 0% | Source: World Bank Tanzania’s 15 years track record of largely satisfactory reforms has consolidated a favorable macroeconomic environment, which makes it one of the main incentives for foreign investor. Growth per capita is expected to increase by 3. 4% between 2004 and 2009. (Tanzania Investors Guide, 2002 and beyond). Table 2:FDI Inflows, 2004 – 2007 |Year |US $ mn | |2004 |183. 3 | |2005 |350. 5 | |2006 |522 | |2007 |600 | Source: Bank of Tanzania An increase in Foreign Direct Investment, apparently, indicates that the country’s investment environment has increasingly improved in the manner that investors are now able to predict more precisely profits to be accrued from their investment. Table 3: TIC Approval of Foreign Investment 1990 – 2000 |YEAR |US $ mn | |1990 |47. 25 | |1991 |471. 49 | |1992 |204. 9 | |1993 |527. 05 | |1994 |302. 99 | |1995 |263. 42 | |1996 |467. 85 | |1997 |384. 9 | |1998 |1464. 69 | |1999 |1211. | |2000 |767. 77 | Source: Tanzania Investment Centre 2. POTENTIAL FACTORS THAT ATTRACT FDI The literature groups the factors that attract foreign investment into two groups: external â€Å"push factors† and domestic â€Å"pull factors†. Among the â€Å"pull† factors are: a. Economic and political reforms that boost confidence in the economy; b. Reforms such as debt restructuring which ease the long-run foreign exchange constraint and therefore enhance the sustainability of fo reign exchange inflows; c. Liberalization of foreign exchange flows (both current and capital) in the balance of payments; d. Simplication of red-tape requirements for direct and portfolio investment; and liberalization of restrictions on private sector borrowing from a broad; e. Macroeconomic factors, these are fiscal policy, monetary policy, government stability, government spending regulatory frame work, state intervention in private business, and financial sector stability. The government has to have a clear look on these factors as they affect investors operations; f. The infrastructure and public services including inland transport, ports, electricity and water supply, postal services, telecommunications, customs services, immigration facilities, municipal services, banking services and credit rating; g. Diverse factors including corruption, internal security, domestic political scenario, regional political scenario, domestic economic situation, global economic situation and market expansion; h. Governance factors that include regional trade integration, trade policy, investment incentives, bureaucracy, and tax collection efficiency, effectiveness of legal law, land law and administration and speed of decision making; i. Inflation, availability of business credit, interest rate, depreciation on domestic currency, national payment system and exchange control are among the pull factors. Among the â€Å"push† factors are: a. The relative decline in international interest rates (mostly US dollar rates) when compared to interest rates in developing economies; b. Cyclical downturns in economic activity in developed economies, which reduce the demand for investment funds; and c. A move towards intentional diversification of asset portfolios by major portfolio investors such as pension funds and insurance companies. The literature identified both push and pull factors as being behind the increase in capital flows to developing economies in 1990s. However, it is domestic or â€Å"pull† factors over which policy makers can have direct impact in attracting inflows of private capital. (Asea and Reinhart, 1995) 3. MEASURES TO BE TAKEN BY TANZANIA TO INCREASE FDI INFLOWS There are several ways home countries can increase FDI inflows. These include; a. Reducing political risk by enhancing the credibility of reforms. Sub-Saharan Africa seems to be seen as one homogeneous continent and therefore the bad behavior of few governments often leads to a negative image for all. Credibility also matters for the sustainability of reforms. Reforms that are credible are more likely to be sustainable in the long run as economic agent react positively to policy measures and result in virtuous circle behaviors. (Kasekende and Bhundia, 2000) b. Political reforms, political disorder is very damaging to economic growth and is not conducive environment for both domestic and foreign investment (Kasekende and Bhundia, 2000). Political reforms should be aimed at building frameworks that are more inclusive, encourage power sharing and allow for enhanced public participation in political process. c. Insurance against policy risk. Home countries can sign bilateral or multilateral investment treaties that have legally binding elements establishing the obligations of the host country toward foreign investors from other signatory countries. d. Macroeconomic stability should be ensured, as it is prerequisite for attracting sustainable, long-term foreign investment into a country. Hadjmichael et al (1996) conclude â€Å"the most important impact of policies on private investment behavior was through their effect on macroeconomic instability and uncertainty†. This suggests that greater macroeconomic instability can have a considerable adverse impact on domestic and foreign private in investment. e. External burden should be reduced. In many African countries external debt servicing, most of it official, continues to exact a significant burden on finances. In principle, heavy external debt does not automatically translate into low growth. Growth in export earnings can allow for continued importation investment goods to maintain growth while servicing external debt at the same time. However, if borrowed money is invested primarily in non-traded sector; then the situation will arise where the economy is unable to pay for imports required to maintain growth. 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FDI AS A SOURCE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH According to B. Seedha et al in their paper â€Å"Foreign Direct Investment in Africa†, FDI is simply a source of capital. The impact of FDI is dependent on what form it takes. This includes types of FDI, sector scale, duration and location of business and secondary effects. It is important to note that while some have experienced growth because of large FDI inflows, others have not. FDI can contribute to gross domestic products, gross fixed capital formation and balance of payments. Other contributions FDI can make to host country economy include assisting in debt servicing repayments, stimulating export markets, and producing foreign exchange revenues. Another aspect of FDI is that it can serve as source for economic development is in currency stability. FDI can contribute to social development by increasing employment and wages and by replacing warning market sector. FDI may offer poverty reduction, since poverty is related with unemployment. High levels of FDI do not necessarily show domestic gain (B. Seedha et al). Other factors may limit the economic gain to the host country’s economy. Example of such factors includes corporate strategies, and importation of goods and resources used in production. However FDI is mostly affected by country’s instability. The gain in employment, wages and so on may be realized by very small part of the population. When this happens wage differences between income groups will increase and the distribution of income may become unequal. Another negative effect of FDI as a source of economy is where the parent companies dominate the local market, leaving the local companies with no where to go. CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1. INTRODUCTION This section describes the methodologies framework of the study which includes Research paradigms, Research Design, types of measurements, data collection methods and approach, types of data, sampling techniques, sampling procedures, reliability and validity of data, management and analysis of data and limitations of the study. 3. 2RESEARCH PARADIGMS Paradigms or â€Å"School of Thought† in research scholarship are accepted ways of looking at reality and the consequent approach/methods to generate knowledge that is held by a group of intellectuals who have wide influence in that subject area. The basic premise behind the paradigms is based on how people view reality (Lufumbi, 2008). 3. 3 RESEARCH DESIGN: Research design is the overall plan of the research. It is referred as a blueprint for the collection, measurements and analysis of data. During the study the Case Study design will be used. This is due to the fact that the research will be conducted in a single organization, and also case study design allows variety methods of data collection methods. In addition to that case study design will gives the room to researcher to make rigorous analysis of the organization under the study. Case study design is also less costly compared to other research designs. However the case study design limits the researcher from generalization to other unit of the same kind because it may not be a true representative sample. It allows the researcher to be able to get close to the sources of information. 3. 4 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES: In analysing the data the researcher will adopt both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Tables will also be used by the researcher to present the information where applicable. 3. 5TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS Measurement is a process of assigning numbers to objects or observation, the level of measurement being a function of the rules under which the number assigned (Kothari, 2004). Technically speaking measurement is the process mapping aspects of range according to some rules of correspondence. The measurement of the collected data will be delivered score that will be obtained from the respondent when making sense of data that would make from the research development. The delivered score will be of course those from face to face interview, questionnaires, documentations and observation. 3. 6 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES: The simple Random sampling approach will be used to select the sample. The researcher expects to follow the following approach in selecting the sample:- †¢ All Foreign Investors registered with Tanzania Investment Centre as a population to be studied will be identified through the register. Sample of foreign investors will be drawn randomly. †¢ Judgment approach to sampling will be used to select the items to be studied. 3. 7 DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND APPROACHES The data to be collected are those which will be able to address the research objectives and answer the research questions. Both primary and secondary data will be used in this study and the research intends to use several relevant data collection method to collect them. 3. 7. 1Primary Data Primary data are original works of research or raw data without interpretation or pronouncements that present of official opinion or position. Secondary data are those data obtained from literature sources. These are the ones that have already been collected by the other people for some other purposes. This is second had information. Secondary data include both raw data and published ones (Sunders et al, 2000). The following methods will be used in collecting primary data; Interview: This method will be use for the purpose of seeking clarifications on some of data collected. For this reason the interview will be in form of verbal and unstructured. Questionnaire: The researcher will set relevant questions on factors attracting FDI inflow, and those questionnaires will be distributed to different staffs who will answer them. This method will be used to give adequate time to think about the question and respond to them accordingly. These will be administered to TIC staffs in order to collect data relating to such issues like what they think attract foreign investors to invest in Tanzania, what hinder foreign investors to invest in the country, the advantages of FDI inflow in Tanzania. , and how do they purchase, issue and receive stores. Observation: The researcher will observe and participates directly in daily activities of TIC. This will enable the researcher to analyze each particular activity effectively and appropriately. Also this method will make help to the researcher to detect the behavior of the respondents a) Documentary Source In this course of collecting data, the researcher will be trying to go through different document held by TIC. 2. Secondary Data The researcher will collect secondary data through the review of various literatures from different sources such as minutes, reports, policies and legislation regarding the investments in Tanzania. 7. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF DATA The researcher will make sure the measurable data are valid by controlling the questionnaires, and interview and ensure that are directed to the right person at TIC and make sure the reliability of the data by reviewing information which is from reliable and right documents. 1. Reliability Reliability refers to the question of whether a measuring instrument or process can produce the same results if successively employed by different researchers (Ndunguru, 2007). It refers to the extent to which a measure is giving consistent and stable results in a measurement process. 2. Validity Validity helps us to measure what it sets out to measure consistently and in a stable manner. It refers to persistence of systematic error in measurement process (Ndunguru, 2007). The validity of the research results is ensured id adequate physical or statistical control is put in place such that research measurement process produces accurate data. Generally validity is about a researcher measuring what he/she out to measure. 8. MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 1. Data Management Data will be collected from respective sources by using questionnaire, personal interviews. The respondents are randomly selected. However whenever the approached interviewee was not accessible at that time, the next nearest interviewee will be approached. 2. Data Analysis The data collected from questionnaires, interviews and documents is going to be edited, coded and summarized in order to get information relating to problems. The researcher will analyze and test the data using descriptive method, text and schedules, and tables will be used to validate relationship between variables. 3. 9. 3 Data Processing The researcher will use coding in data processing. This includes numbering and heading so as to simplify and reduce the ambiguity to the reader. Collection of data using questionnaire will be entered in the computer so as to make coding. 3. 9. 4 Data Presentation The findings of the study will be presented in a form of narration description with illustration of tables and diagrams where applicable. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Immanuel D. Mzava & David Hillier (2004) â€Å"Does Country’s Tax Structure determine its Foreign Direct Investment Flow? † The African Journal of Finance & Management, Volume 14:1 Barbara Seedha, Lauren Maxwel & Joseph Horton (2000) Foreign Direct Investment in Africa† The African Journal of Finance & Management, Volume 14:1 Bank of Tanzania (2001) â€Å"Report on the Study of Foreign Private Capital Flows in Mainland Tanzania† Tanzania Investment Report. Bank of Tanzania (2006) â€Å"Report on Foreign Private Investment in Tanzaniaà ¢â‚¬  Tanzania Investment Report. Recep Kok & Bernur Acikgoz Ersoy (2009) â€Å"Analyses of FDI determinants in Developing Countries† International Journal of Social Economics Volume 36: ? PP 105 – 123 www. emeraldinsight. com Bhinda, N and M. Martin (1994). â€Å"Eastern Africa – Survey of Foreign Investors†, Report by Exocomisti Association for the World Bank. Chege, M (1999). Politics of Development: Institutions and National Governance†, Paper presented for Africa in the 21st Century Initiative (Washington D. C†¦ World Bank) IMF (1999). â€Å"The Cross-Border Initiative in Eastern and Southern Africa†, African and Policy Development and Review Department, IMF. Kasekende L. and I. Hussain (1997). â€Å"Private Capital Flows to Sub-Saharan Africa: What’s the Real Story? Paper presented at Seminar, A New Paradigm of Financing Development and Development Cooperation, March 1997, Stockholm. Kasekende L. , D. Kitabire and M. Marti n (1998). â€Å"Capital Inflows and Macroeconomic Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa†, in G. K. Hellier (1998). Capital Accounts Regimes and Developing Countries (London: Macmillan Press) Kasekende L. and A. Bhundia (2000). â€Å"Attracting Capital Inflow to Africa: Essential Elements of a Policy Package. Advanced Unedited Copy. UNCTAD (1999), â€Å"Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Performance and Potential†, (New York and Geneva, 1999). TIC (2002 and beyond). â€Å"Tanzania Investors Guide: Investment Opportunities and Facilitation† (United Republic of Tanzania, March 2002) C. Makunike (Tuesday, September 30, 2008). â€Å"Tanzania’s Foreign Direct Investment inflow up by 15 Percent†. (www. tradeafrica. com) D. Makangale (Thursday, January 22, 2009). â€Å"Investment Climate Attractive† (Tanzania: Daily News Paper) Macias J. B and Massa I. (June 2009). The Global Financial Crisis and Sub-Saharan Africa: The Effects of Slowing Private Capital Inflow on Growth† Results of ODI Research Presented in Preliminary Form for Discussion and Critical Comment. (London: Overseas Development Institute). Oyeyinka, B. (2004). â€Å"How c an Africa Benefit from Globalization†? ATPS Special Paper Series No. 17 www. tic. co. tz visited on 3rd March 2010 APPENDICES APPENDIX I Institute of Finance Management, P. O. Box 3918, Dar es Salaam, 10TH March, 2010. Dear Respondent, I am a student at the Institute of Finance Management undertaking Postgraduate Diploma in Financial Management. I am researching on the â€Å"Potential Factors that Affect Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Tanzania†. The questionnaire aims at finding data for a research paper to be presented to the Institute of Finance Management as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Postgraduate Diploma in Financial Management. I kindly request you to put a tick after appropriate answer and where applicable explain why when requested to do so. The information you give will be strictly confidential and will be used for the purpose of this research. Thanking you in advance. Yours truly, Kwareh, Karerema R. APPENDIX II RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE A: GENERAL INFORMATION Date completed: ________/_______/_________ Centre Name: ______________________________________ Name and position of the person completing this questionnaire: ____________________________________________________________ _ Centre Address: _____________________________________________ Tel: __________________ Fax: _______________ E-mail: ____________ Please give details of alternative person whom I may contact incase I have any questions: __________________________________________________________ Date of Commencing Operations: _____________/ _____________/ __________ B: GENERAL QUESTIONS 1. To what extent have the following macroeconomic factors affected investment in our country? |Very strong +ve effect|Strong |Limited +ve Effect |No Effect |Limited |Strong |Very Strong –ve Effect| | |+ve effect | | –ve Effect |–ve Effect | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 | At start – upNow Fiscal policy( ) ( ) Monetary policy( ) ( ) Government Stability( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 2. To what extent have the availability of condition of the following I nfrastructures and services affected in our country? Very strong +ve effect|Strong |Limited +ve Effect |No Effect |Limited |Strong |Very Strong –ve Effect| | |+ve effect | | |–ve Effect |–ve Effect | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 | At start – upNow Inland transport (roads, rails)( ) ( ) Access to seaport( ) ( ) Airport and Air transportation( ) ( ) Electricity supply( ) ( ) Water supply( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 3. To what extent have the following financial factors affected investment in Tanzania? Very strong +ve effect|Strong |Limited +ve Effect |No Effect |Limited |Strong |Very Strong –ve Effect| | |+ve effect | | |–ve Effect |–ve Effect | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 | At start – upNow Inflation( ) ( ) Availability of business finances/credit( ) ( ) Interest rates ( ) ( ) Depreciation of domestic currency( ) ( ) Exchange Control( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ 4. To what extent the following governance factors affected investment opportunities in Tanzania? |Very strong +ve effect|Strong |Limited +ve Effect |No Effect |Limited |Strong |Very Strong –ve Effect| | |+ve effect | | |–ve Effect |–ve Effect | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 | At start – upNow Regional Trade( ) ( ) Trade policy( ) ( ) Bureaucracy ( ) ( ) Tax collection efficiency( ) ( ) Land law & administration( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ 5. Please specify the most important factors that influence your initial decision to invest in Tanzania? ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________ 6. What is the likely direction of foreign direct investment in Tanzania in the medium term? Please tick appropriate box |Expansion |No Change |Contraction | | | | | 7. What measures can the government undertake to improve investor’s attractiveness to continue investing in Tanzania and attract new investors? a. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ d. ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Thank you for your time. APPENDIX III TIME SCHEDULE This timetable will be of great help to me as a researc her to organize activities to be carried out and allocate the time accordingly. This will act as my guideline. The estimated time of conducting the research is 9 weeks. |Week |Activity | |1st – 2nd Week |Preliminary preparation i. e. research proposal, budget, finding the | | |assistant for help if necessary e. t. c. |3rd – 4th Week |Preparation of questionnaires, visiting the respondents and distribution | | |of questionnaires | |5th – 6th Week |Collection of questionnaire from respondents, analysis of the data, | | |verification and processing | |7th – 8th Week |Revising the paper, re-writing and bidding | |9th Week |Presenting the paper and defending | APPENDIX IV RESEARCH BUDGET |1. 0 |STATIONARY |TSHS | |1. 1 |Ream of ruled paper x2 @ 7,000 | 14,000 | |1. 2 |Ream of A4 plain papers x 2 @ 8,000 | 16,000 | |1. |Flash Disk x 1 @ 50,000 | 50,000 | |1. 4 |Ball pen, pencil, collection fluid | 10,000 | |2. 0 |SECRETARIAL SERVICES | | |2. 1 |Proposal: Typ ing and printing x 2 copies | 100,000 | |2. 2 |Research: Typing and printing x 2 copies | 150,000 | |2. 3 |Binding | 50,000 | |2. 4 |Photocopying of documents | 20,000 | |3. |RESEARCH EXPENSES | | |3. 1 |Assistance Researcher | 80,000 | |3. 2 |Transport to and fro | 250,000 | |3. 3 |Breakfast/lunch e. t. c | 100,000 | |3. 4 |Consultation | 50,000 | | |Sub-total | 890,000 | | |+ Contingency 30% |1,157,000 |